A staff member at Afrigen, the mRNA hub in South Africa, prepares part of the vaccine.

The major players in the European and African pharmaceutical sectors have called on the European Union (EU) and the African Union (AU) to support the creation of a permanent “business platform” to foster the pharma industry’s development in Africa.

This emerged at a workshop Monday hosted by the the European Commission’s Directorate General for Internal Market, Industry, Entrepreneurship and SMEs (DG GROW) along with the International Federation of Pharmaceutical Manufacturers and Associations (IFPMA), and other European-based pharma associations. The workshop was part of the European African Business Forum (EABF) taking place ahead of, and along with, the European Union–African Union Summit, which begins Thursday in Brussels.

The business platform should support the development of EU and AU policies conducive to trade and “sustainable financing mechanisms models with access to low-interest capital” and appropriate incentives to encourage local, regional and international private sector investment, according to IFPMA Assistant Director-General Greg Perry, speaking at the Monday EABF session leading up to the Summit.

Businesses also want a “stable business environment that respects business ethics and incentivises local innovation and entrepreneurship, including through intellectual property, ensure development and retention of local skilled workforces”, said Perry, reading from a joint statement by the EABF’s Healthcare Working Group, which also includes the European Federation of Pharmaceutical Manufacturers and Associations (EPFIA) and Vaccines Europe.

The pharmaceutical sector also wants voluntary and mutually agreed upon technology transfers and joint ventures; timely product registration, harmonisation of regulation particularly through the African Medicines Agency, and the implementation of the African Continental Free Trade Area to eliminate non-trade barriers and foster international supply chain security.

“We believe that creating this platform with the support of the EU and the AU, we could facilitate African and European partnerships, support existing continental and regulatory initiatives and create a win-win for both Africa and Europe,” said Perry.

Where is the money that was promised?

Karim Bendhaou, who also chairs the IFPMA Africa Engagement Committee

Emmanuel Mujuru, representing the Federation of African Pharmaceutical Manufacturers (FAPMA), said that the African pharmaceutical industry was struggling to access affordable financing. 

“This financing has to both long-term in nature and have affordable interest rates, either in the form of loans or equity participation in already established African pharma management companies,” said Mujuru.

He added that there was a significant opportunity for European investors as between 70 and 90% of essential medicines consumed in Africa were imported and that the pharmaceutical sector was growing at over 10% per annum, second only to Asia. 

Merck’s Karim Bendhaou, who also chairs the IFPMA Africa Engagement Committee, said that while setting up fill and finish operations “is easy to implement in two years”, he had tried to do so in three different African countries but “local private sector investors have never been able to get access to any finance”. 

“Why? The International Finance Corporation has announced $4 billion for the local vaccine manufacturing and the European Commission has announced one billion Euros,” asked Bendhaou

“We also have to invest in the health system capacity because otherwise, you can have a nice factory in in South Africa, a beautiful factory in Egypt, producing hundreds of millions of doses but if you don’t have a health system in place for the uptake and to absorb this capacity,” he added.

What about Gavi subsidies?

Biovac CEO Patrick Tippoo

Meanwhile, Patrick Tippoo, CEO of the South African company, Biovac and part of the African Vaccine Manufacturing Initiative (AVMI) leadership, said that much of Africa’s vaccine supply “comes in a subsidised form, partially or completely by Gavi through UNICEF”. 

“We know that Gavi drives prices down to make vaccines more affordable so more vaccines can be purchased and therefore distributed,” said Tippoo

“We have a current situation where about 40 of the 54 countries depend on this mechanism. And therefore the market in Africa is actually in Copenhagen, as some people say. 

“This is a structural thing that will have to be addressed because, in order to stimulate and incentivize technology transfers, investment in skills, development, regulatory capacity building –  and all the things that we repeat ad nauseum – there needs to be an assurance that there’s going to be a market when all of this is built,” he stressed.

Tippoo added that African governments and other stakeholders had to understand that a “resilience premium” would need to be paid to ensure that pharmaceutical manufacturing capability is built in Africa.

“There is no way in which vaccines coming out of Africa in the next five or 10 years can compete on a cost of goods perspective, with Indian manufacturer factories, or even multinationals because they’ve monetised the investment over time, and they have economies of scale,” he added.

Diversification a ‘win-win’ for Africa, Europe and globally

However, other participants pointed out that over the long-term, diversification of sources for pharma procurement is going to be a win win, given the comparatively limited number of suppliers, for some key global health products. Interruptions to key medical supply chains were particularly evident during the early stages of the COVID pandemic, exposing their fragility, even for more affluent countries.

Sibilia Quilici, Executive Director, Vaccines Europe, pointed out that from the European perspective, too, it would be beneficial to reduce dependence on what is now a comparatively small number of suppliers, mainly from India and China, and integrate Africa’s supply chains with global ones:

“In the context of this discussion on improving manufacturing capacities in Africa, also for APIs [active pharmaceutical ingredients] it is good to be aware that the EU, the largest API importer in the world is looking for supply chain diversification for products where dependence on a small number of suppliers from India and China is a concern.

“This could be a win-win for Africa, EU, local and global industry”.

Image Credits: Rodger Bosch for MPP/WHO, WHO .

Scientific journals need to cut ties with breast-milk substitute makers and the formula industry if they want to protect infants and young children from being at risk of malnutrition, illness and death, according to a paper published by BMJ Global Health.

“The promotion and support of breastfeeding globally is thwarted by the USD $57 billion (and growing) formula industry that engages in overt and covert advertising and promotion as well as extensive political activity to foster policy environments conducive to market growth,” write the 16 authors, who are mostly paediatricians, nutritionists and child researchers based in South Africa.

“This includes health professional financing and engagement through courses, e-learning platforms, sponsorship of conferences and health professional associations and advertising in medical/health journals.”

The authors report on an exchange they have had with the journal, Nature, since 2018 about removing advertisements from formula companies.

Even when journals merely advertise formula company publications that imply formula is “close to mother’s milk” this could influence health professionals’ perceptions and infant feeding counselling, they assert, adding that these advertisements are misleading. 

“Given these vulnerabilities, scientific journals have a professional and ethical responsibility to put additional protections in place to ensure that their brands are not associated with misleading advertising claims and to warn readers of the high risks associated with suboptimal breastfeeding,” the paper said. The authors push for journals to prioritise public health over profits and thus to have content that is in line with the global public health guidance. 

According to the paper, the risks of promoting breast-milk substitutes are especially consequential in low-and middle-income countries where access to healthcare is poor, and malnutrition in all forms is prevalent. Breast-milk substitutes and formula are neither affordable nor sustainable in such regions and leads to increased infant morbidity and mortality and are causes of suboptimal breastfeeding, the paper said. Suboptimal breastfeeding has caused an estimated 823,000 deaths among children each year, according to the journal. 

Companies that advertise and directly or indirectly promote their breast-milk substitutes in ways that contradict the International Code of Marketing of Breastmilk Substitutes adopted 40 years ago, effectively violate the rights of children to be fed in the best possible way, assert the authors.

 

 

Image Credits: WHO.

Matshidiso Moetic, WHO Regional Director for Africa

A partnership between Africa CDC and MasterCard Foundation, which has included visits to countries with model vaccination programmes, such as Rwanda and Morocco, is making a difference to other African countries facing challenges in getting jabs into arms.  

That and other measures aimed at supporting more rapid African roll out of COVID-19 vaccines are proving effective, said Dr John Nkengasong, Director of the Africa Centres for Disease Control and Prevention (Africa CDC) on Thursday. 

Meanwhile, WHO African Regional officials said that only 0.5% of COVID-19 vaccines received on the continent had actually gone to waste  — despite the fact that another recent  report suggesting that up to 35% of doses so far received are still awaiting distribution. 

Addressing journalists on Thursday, Nkengasong said the Saving Lives and Livelihoods initiative —  involving Africa CDC and MasterCard Foundation — have demonstrated results in at least four countries so far. 

“We have data from Sierra Leone, South Sudan, Cameroon and Tanzania where uptake of the vaccination really increased significantly once we sent in teams as part of the initiative,” Nkengasong said.

Delegations from those and other countries visited Morocco and Rwanda, where about 63% and 55% of the population respectively have been fully vaccinated, to learn about their model for success, he said.

“A set of countries, about 16, have actually been to Morocco to see their experience. Another set was in Rwanda. And as we speak, micro planning is going on for about 40 countries in Africa as part of that initiative,” Nkengasong told Health Policy Watch.

Along with site visits, the initiative is supporting countries to review their procurement processes; develop and finalize rollout plans; and ensure faster deployment of vaccines that are due to expire soon. 

 0.5%  Wastage 

africa cdc
Airfinity estimates of donated doses that have actually been adminsitered

On Wednesday, Health Policy Watch reported that only 65% of donated COVID-19 vaccine doses have been administered so far – with the remaining 35% yet to be used.  The largest proportion of donations, although by no means all of them, have gone to countries in Africa. 

However, Dr Richard Mihigo, WHO Africa Coordinator of Immunization and Vaccine Development, said that while there may be doses still awaiting distribution, actual wastage remains very small. 

Out of 635 million doses received so far, wasted doses have amounted to only about 3.5 million, representing only about 0.5% of the doses received, Mihigo said.

“If we look at the bigger picture, the continent has not done that bad at 0.5%,” Mihigo said.

He noted that the wastage that has occurred, is also due to the fact many donated doses have also arrived too close to their expiration date – making rapid rollout a huge challenge.

“So we cannot really condemn African countries because if you look at developed countries, we have also seen vaccines that have been destroyed,” Mihigo added.

To further ensure that vaccines are not being destroyed by African countries, Mihigo said the COVAX initiative has updated its engagement with African countries, ensuring that it only supplies the amount of doses requested by the countries according to their timelines — responding to country demands instead of pushing out vaccines through a top-down agenda.

“I think that the prospects in the future are looking quite good because countries are requesting vaccines that they can use. 

“But, also, WHO, UNICEF, GAVI, Africa CDC, are also putting out a strong statement on vaccines for each country to only receive vaccines that have a quite extended shelf life so that the country can be able to plan and deliver those vaccines on time,” he said.

Despite spread of new Omicron sub-variants, Africa on track to control COVID-19 pandemic in 2022

Meanwhile, Nkengasong, in his briefing, confirmed that the more infectious Omicron BA.2 subvariant now has become dominant in South Africa – and is slowly spreading elsewhere on the continent – after first being detected last month in Denmark and India. However, while the subvariant appears to be even more infectious than the original Omicron, experts have said it is not more deadly.  See related Health Policy Watch story. 

But WHO’s Regional Director for Africa, Dr Matshidiso Moeti, did not express undue concern over the continued mutation of the SARS-CoV2 virus, saying that Africa is on track to control COVID-19 pandemic in 2022 if current trends continue.

She said that over the past two years, African countries have become smarter, faster and better at responding to each new surge in cases of COVID-19.

“Against the odds, including huge inequities in access to vaccination, we’ve weathered the COVID-19 storm with resilience and determination, informed by Africa’s long history and experience with controlling outbreaks. But COVID-19 has cost us dearly, with more than 242, 000 lives lost and tremendous damage to our economies,” Moeti said.

While admitting that COVID-19 will be around for the long-term, she noted that there is optimism as 2022 can see the end of the disruption and destruction the virus has left in its path, and gain back control over lives on the continent. 

“Controlling this pandemic must be a priority, but we understand no two countries have had the same pandemic experience, and each country must, therefore, chart its own way out of this emergency,” she said.

The Rwanda experience

Albert Tuyishime, Head of Diseases Prevention and Control at Ministry of Health/Rwanda Biomedical Centre

The East African country of Rwanda has been recognised as one of the African countries that has been a model of vaccination progress. With 54% of its eligible population fully vaccinated – Rwanda has raced ahead of more developed South Africa – and ranks only second to Morocco in terms of coverage.   

Speaking at the Thursday Africa CDC briefing,  Dr Albert Tuyishime, Head of Diseases Prevention and Control at Ministry of Health/ Rwanda Biomedical Centre talked about how the country had achieved those results – driven by the highest level of the country’s leadership. 

“We also built on in-country multisectoral collaboration, effective partnerships, regional collaboration, and, especially, community engagement and research, science- and evidence-based decisions as well as interventions,” he said.

He noted that 66% of the Rwandan population had been vaccinated with at least one dose while 55% have received two doses, and 8% of the population have already received their booster dose. In addition, the country is now expanding vaccine access to children aged 5 to 11 years.

Image Credits: https://mcusercontent.com/2fe57162f164ecead64629b83/files/1d4e2b0b-bbe2-6050-0281-6e10c66eb3b2/1_billion_donated_v2.pdf?utm_source=Airfinity&utm_campaign=d1db73af86-EMAIL_CAMPAIGN_2021_08_02_12_31_COPY_01&utm_medium=email&utm_term=0_41a531e556-d1db73af86-517334173.

A molecular model of the Omicron subvariant BA.2

The BA.2 sub-variant of Omicron is now the dominant COVID-19 variant in South Africa, the head of Africa’s Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) confirmed on Thursday – raising questions about whether the continued global creep of the new SARS-CoV2 sub-variant could dash hopes of a much-needed COVID-19 reprieve.

“We have data from South Africa that the BA.2 lineage has now become the predominant variant in South Africa,” said Africa CDC director John Nkengasong at a regular online media briefing.

He added that the variant had already been detected in Botswana, Kenya, Malawi, Mauritius and Mozambique – and is likely present in other parts of the continent, as well.  That follows earlier reports from Europe, notably Denmark, and India where BA.2 is also overtaking the BA.1 version of the Omicron variant – becoming the latest variant to watch around the globe.

BA.2: Omicron’s ‘stealth’ sub-variant

Artist’s rendition of SARS-CoV2

The World Health Organization began monitoring BA.2 weeks ago, alongside other “sister” or “daughter” variants of the Omicron: BA.1.1 and BA.3. But BA.2 has been referred to as the “stealth” sub-variant because it has genetic mutations that could make it harder to distinguish from the earlier Delta variant, as compared to the original Omicron, according to the American Medical Association.

WHO already classified Omicron as a SARS-CoV2 variant of concern – alongside Alpha, Beta and Delta. Since BA.2 is “related” to Omicron, it is also a variant of concern.

Variants of concern, otherwise known as VOCs, are those variants about which WHO has enough data or signs to be concerned and warn the public to take extra care, explained Dr. Dorit Nitzan, former Coordinator of the Health Emergencies for WHO’s European region. 

“I would probably call it a sister,” Prof William Moss, Executive Director of the International Vaccine Access Center at Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore, told Health Policy Watch. “This sub-variant has actually been around for a long time. It was identified around the same time as BA.1 and so they are obviously genetically related like siblings. But we don’t really know the temporal sequence in which these variants evolved.”

What scientists do understand is that BA.2 is more transmissible, based on evidence that has emerged from India, Denmark and now South Africa, where BA.2 is becoming dominant in these settings – countries where BA.1 was most prevalent.

Last month, Danish scientists reported that BA.2 was around 33% more transmissible than the original Omicron strain.

“We conclude that Omicron BA.2 is inherently substantially more transmissible than BA.1, and that it also possesses immune-evasive properties that further reduce the protective effect of vaccination against infection,” the study’s researchers said.

BA.2: More transmissible, not deadlier

Other studies have found the variant to be as much as 50% transmissible, Nitzan said, though she added that the percentage does not really matter. What is important to know is that you can get infected faster.

Before WHO labels a variant a VOC, it first classifies it as a “Variant of Interest” or VOI, meaning that scientists are tracking the variant, but still learning about it.

“WHO is following many variants in many different lineages,” Nitzan told Health Policy Watch. “We know that many of them are not going to be developed.”

Omicron, however, is a variant that did develop and “it now appears to have its own little family,” she added:

“I think it could happen that just about everyone will have COVID,” Nitzan said. “It can happen if we cannot protect ourselves with masks, social distancing and good hygiene.”

And, of course, vaccination.

Moss said that while BA.2 is more transmissible, the good news is that it does not appear to cause more severe disease than the original Omicron strain, especially in people who have been inoculated. While vaccine effectiveness against Omicron infection appears much lower than what was seen against previous variants, it does still seem to be keeping most people out of the hospital.

He added that “the emergence and spread of BA.2 is not going to dramatically impact the course of the pandemic in the United States or European Union. It may just prolong it a bit.”

NeoCoV: ‘More attention than it deserves’

The research team prepares to gather samples from a dromedary camel in surveillance of MERS.

Another coronavirus discovered in bats last month has raised the eyebrows of some scientists: NeoCoV, a new bat coronavirus, was identified in South Africa.  It is of concern because it is closely related to the deadly MERS-CoV virus that has caused limited outbreaks since 2012 in countries around the Arabian Peninsula, where the virus is typically transmitted to humans from camels.

However, unlike MERS,  NeoCoV uses an ACE-2 receptor to infect cells  – the same mechanisms that has made SARS-CoV2 so infectious.

To date, no cases of NeoCoV have been reported in humans.

However, one pre-print study led by scientists associated with Wuhan’s Institute of Virology, warns that the NeoCoV virus could be on the threshold of human infectivity – due to its uptake of the ACE-2 receptor gene.

“Our study demonstrates the first case of ACE2 usage in MERS-related viruses, shedding light on a potential bio-safety threat of the human emergence of an ACE2 using “MERS-CoV-2” with both high fatality and transmission rate,” states the study, published in late January 2022.

“Notably, the infection could not be cross-neutralized by antibodies targeting SARS-CoV-2 or MERS-CoV,” the paper also adds.

The study also notes that NeoCoV has certain genomic characteristics of MERS-CoV, which was 20 times more deadly than the SARS-CoV2 Delta variant, for example –although much less transmissible.

“This unexpected ACE2 usage of these MERS-CoV close relatives highlights a latent biosafety risk, considering a combination of two potentially damaging features of high fatality observed for MERS-CoV and the high transmission rate noted for SARS-CoV-2,” the report said. “Furthermore, our studies show that the current COVID-19 vaccinations are inadequate to protect humans from any eventuality of the infections caused by these viruses.”

Notably, Wuhan’s Institute of Virology has been under international scrutiny for months due to suggestions from some international virus experts that a biosafety lapse at the laboratory that studies bat coronaviruses could have been the cause of the original Wuhan SARS-CoV2 leap into human populations.  That narrative has been  disputed by other experts who point to wild food chain sources as the  more likely original cause of infection – and even more adamantly by official Chinese sources, who have also sought to point attention to SARS and SARS-like virus threats elsewhere in the world.

A new WHO SAGO group of experts began meeting late last year to explore the narratives further – although China has not agreed to allow a second expert mission to enter the country  to further investigate the SARS-CoV2 virus origins.

Moss, however, said that in his view, NeoCoV is getting more attention than it deserves.

“There is no evidence that it can be transmitted from bats to humans,” Moss said. “My takeaway from NeoCoV is just a reminder that there are a wide-range of potential viruses with potential to cause spillover events.”

Image Credits: Delthia Ricks/Twitter, Trinity Care Foundation/Flickr, NIAID/Flickr.

Shipment of Sinopharm to Peru

While China’s rigorous management of virus risks at home has received considerable attention, particularly as it hosts the 2022 winter Olympics, it’s massive vaccine effort abroad has been underreported. In fact, as of end 2021, Beijing had supplied more COVID vaccines to low- and middle-income countries than the WHO co-sponsored COVAX facility. 

Against the constant press scrutiny of global rollouts of vaccines from the big name western pharma companies, like Pfizer, Moderna and Oxford/BioNTech, China’s major role in increasing COVID-19 vaccine coverage globally has been largely overlooked – by the global health community  as well as donors. 

In fact, as of end 2021, Beijing had supplied nearly 1.3 billion doses to low- and middle-income countries – more than the WHO and Gavi co-sponsored COVAX global facility, which has so far relied mainly on vaccines licensed by Western countries. 

Moreover, manufacturing of Chinese vaccines has been further expanded through co-production partnerships with a number of middle-income countries. 

However, unlike COVAX, the overwhelming majority of  the Chinese vaccines have been sold, not donated. And while Chinese supplies have reached a total of its 98 countries, in terms of absolute volumes, most doses have been supplied to a smaller handful of, mostly upper-middle income, countries. 

Source: Based on data on COVID-19 Vaccine Access from Global Health Centre 2021

At the same time, while COVAX has approved procurement of two Chinese vaccines, Sinopharm and Sinovac in 2021, China has generally preferred bilateral deals. In fact, Chinese doses supplied through COVAX accounted for only about 110 million of the 1.26 billion doses that it has sold or donated abroad in 2021.  

So while China’s role has been critical in filling the global vaccine supply gaps, it has operated largely outside of the multilateral architecture that WHO, GAVI and other global health agencies have sought to create during the pandemic. 

Recognizing this has important implications for the future of the established global health system, and how China may choose to engage, compete with or complement it.

Our analysis considered production and export patterns for the four Chinese vaccines, which have the most extensive international footprint, based on publicly available data up until October 2021. Additionally, we found that China’s COVID-19 vaccine landscape was characterized by: 

  • Extensive Chinese partnerships in sales and manufacturing with LoMICs; 
  • Prioritization of recipient countries that are part of China’s massive Belt and Road Initiative; 
  • A nearly 50-50 split of investments by Chinese private and public sectors in the R&D initiatives that produced the vaccines. 

Two billion doses…. 

Vaccine inequality has been constantly highlighted as the culprit of prolonging the COVID-19 pandemic, costing more lives, slowing down the economic recovery, and leaving the world constantly ravaged by new variants. It has been a constant message of WHO Director General Dr Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus, including in his meetings this week with Chinese leaders at the start of the winter Olympics. 

In August 2021, China pledged to provide 2 billion vaccine doses for countries across the world by the end of this year. Our analysis found that, as of October 2021, China had either exported or donated 1.26 billion doses, surpassing the 1 billion dose distribution goal set by COVAX for 2021. But the vast majority of those were via sales, with a large proportion of the vaccines went to middle-income countries, with the upper-middle income Brazil and Indonesia in the top spots, followed by sales to COVAX.

Source: Based on data on COVID-19 Vaccine Access from Global Health Centre 2021

UMICs as main purchasers of exports

china sinopharm
Shipment of Sinopharm vaccine to Barbados

Altogether, some 58.76% doses of Chinese vaccines were exported to 29 upper middle-income (UMIC) countries; 23.37% to 24 lower middle income (LoMIC) countries;  6.50% to 9 high-income countries (HICs); and 2.55% to 4 low-income countries (LICs). 

In terms of country-specific data, the top 10 biggest importers include Brazil, Indonesia, Turkey, Bangladesh, Mexico, Chile, Iran, Peru and Morocco.  

Notably, only 110 million doses were sold to COVAX, which accounts for merely 8.82% of the grand total.  In addition there were some 58.2 million donated doses to 93, mainly lower-income countries as well as UN peacekeepers.

Compared to its sales, donations of doses have been a small portion of China’s portfolio, totalling less than 60 million doses out of the total of the 1.26 billion doses exported abroad in 2021. 

Interestingly enough, some three quarters (74.2%) of those donations have gone to some 42 lower-middle income countries, as compared to only about 11.78% of donations to the world’s low income nations. 

In addition, some 12.30% of vaccine doses went to 26 upper middle income countries, and 1.21% of donations even went to 7 high income countries like Hungary.  

Source: Based on data on COVID-19 Vaccine Access from Global Health Centre 2021

Targeted recipients, especially the Belt-and-Road Initiatives

While pledging to make Chinese vaccines a global public good, China has also taken the opportunity to use vaccines as part of its broader diplomatic initiatives. 

In particular, China’s ‘Health Silk Road (HSR)’ initiative has prioritized members of its economic Belt and Road initiative for donated vaccine doses. 

For instance, in terms of total number of doses donated, the top 10 biggest recipients in 2021 were Cambodia, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Pakistan, Myanmar, Nepal, Laos, El Salvador, the Philippines, and the West Bank and Gaza. Of those, all but the West Bank and Gaza are members of the BRI. 

Countries in China’s Belt-and-Road Initiatives

Scaling up manufacturing partnerships overseas 

Extensive cooperation has been carried out to scale up manufacture of Chinese vaccines overseas. A total of 17 manufacturing agreements with 15 countries were identified, with the sum of anticipated production per year amounting to nearly 2 billion doses. 

Manufacturing partners are mainly concentrated in lower-middle-income (LoMICs) and upper-middle-income countries (UMIC), and several countries have established partnerships with more than one Chinese vaccine developer: Egypt is in the lead in projected production capacity, followed by Indonesia, the UAE, Russia and Brazil. Notably, among the top five largest foreign manufacturers, four are part of the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI).

Significant Chinese private sector vaccine R&D investment

Overall, our database identified over US$ 1 billion of investments into Chinese vaccine R&D. Strikingly nearly half of the financial R&D contributions came from the private sector, while slightly more than half was public sector funding. 

This is in contrast to other global research by the Graduate Institute’s Global Health Centre suggesting that globally, public sector funding for COVID vaccine R&D accounted for more than 90% of the total vaccine R&D investment that could be tracked publicly, as of July 2021.

Chinese private R&D investors included companies such as Advantech Capital, Vivo Capital and China Evergrande Group. Apart from that, China National Pharmaceutical Group (CNPG) spent 145 million USD in developing its Sinopharm vaccines. Philanthropic organizations account for only 3.85% of the total.

Distribution of R&D investments in COVID-19 vaccines in China

 However, given the relatively limited data on research and development (R&D) investments into Chinese vaccines so far, it is difficult to draw a comprehensive picture.

In addition, given the close relations between the public and private sectors in China, such a funding distribution pattern should be interpreted with caution, and the proportion of the investment made by the public sector may well be severely underestimated.

China and COVAX

To better understand China’s role in increasing global vaccine coverage, it is interesting to  compare and contrast with COVAX, the global collaboration of WHO, Gavi the Vaccine Alliance and other partners to advance equitable access to COVID-19 vaccines. 

COVAX first set its initial goal as 2 billion vaccine doses available by the end of 2021, but cut its supply forecast by around 25% to 1.4 billion in September, and then again in December down to 800 million to 1 billion doses. The latest data from the UNICEF COVID-19 Vaccine Market Dashboard is that around 1.1 billion doses have been shipped so far by late January, 2022. 

Nevertheless, COVAX has supplied 144 countries with a mix of donations and sales, while China has provided doses to 115 countries with around 95% of doses via sales. Moreover, despite the wide coverage of LoMICs destinations with donated doses, the major chunk of Chinese vaccines are, in effect, supplied to upper middle income countries, which differs from COVAX’s focus on low income and lower-middle income nations in particular. Along with that, however, China sold 110 million doses to COVAX, which presumably reached a broader range of COVAX target recipients. 

New Chinese Pledge to Africa in 2022 

Sinopharm vaccines to Zimbabwe

In 2021, in conclusion, the massive role played by China in expanding developing countries’ access to vaccine doses and technology, met the needs of middle income countries in particular. 

China’s active engagement with countries of the Belt and Road Initiative with regards to vaccine manufacturing, donations, and purchases, reinforced other economic and strategic initiatives underway.  

However, there are signs that China is also now looking at the broader picture of unmet needs in the lowest income countries – albeit again through mostly bilateral deals. 

In late November, amid growing concern over the spread of the Omicron variant, China pledged to deliver another 1 billion doses of COVID-19 vaccines to Africa   in 2022, which will mostly be through bilateral deals, with two thirds as donations and another third likely through joint production agreements. 

This would further enhance China’s large-scale role in increasing COVID vaccine coverage in Africa, the least covered region of the world.

However, African nations now have many other vaccines to choose from. 

And there are growing concerns among professionals about the relatively high COVID mortality rates seen among people vaccinated with Sinovac and Sinopharm – recently reported in Singapore. This has cast further doubts on the vaccines’ overall efficacy, which was always rated lower than most of its western competitors. 

Even so, China’s massive vaccine and manufacturing export can be expected to continue.  Understanding the global COVID-19 vaccine landscape requires taking that into account. 

In 2022 it will be important to continue tracking not only of Western vaccine manufacturers and suppliers, but also China’s massive role – in terms of supply, distribution as well as  efficacy data in light of the continually evolving SARS-CoV2 virus variants. Doing so also sheds light on potential future directions in global health diplomacy China will play in the next phase of pandemic recovery.  

Xiaoyi Wang, a Master in International Affairs (MIA) candidate specializing in International Trade and Global Health at the Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies (IHEID).

With thanks to Suerie Moon, co-director of the IHEID Global Health Centre, for her comments and contributions to the analysis. 

Image Credits: Contraloría Perú, Xiaoyi Wang, Xiaoyi Wang , Council of Foreign Relations, Twitter – Chinese Ambassador to Zimbabwe.

A Maltese-based foundation representing BioNTech, the German company that co-produced with Pfizer a highly successful mRNA COVID vaccine, has been accused of seeking to undermine the World Health Organization’s new initiative to promote an open-source African-based COVID vaccine manufacturing hub – while proposing to ship European-fitted mRNA vaccine facilities to Africa in sea containers as an alternative, according to an investigation published by The BMJ.

The kENUP Foundation, a consultancy hired by BioNTech, reportedly advocated against the new WHO-sponsored Technology Transfer Hub in Cape Town, South Africa, which aims to train African researchers and entrepreneurs im making patent-free versions of mRNA vaccines. kENUP argued that the venture is unlikely to be successful and will infringe on patents, documents obtained by The BMJ suggest.

kENUP sought to advance an alternative proposal to ship fully-equipped mRNA factories housed in sea containers from Europe to Africa, and initially staffed with BioNTech workers.  Along with that, it proposed a new regulatory pathway to approve the vaccines made in such offshore factories. The initiative was described as both paternalistic and unworkable by experts interviewed by The BMJ.

The BMJ investigation reveals details of the proposal from kENUP and BioNTech and their criticism of the WHO venture.

The kENUP Foundation did not directly address the allegations or respond to The BMJ’s questions about the affair.  BioNTech said in a statement that its plans to establish mRNA based vaccine manufacturing on the African continent “will be done in close alignment with the WHO, the African Union, and the African CDC.” Pfizer has, meanwhile, announced preliminary agreements to construct vaccine manufacturing facilities on African soil, in Rwanda and Senegal. Asked by Health Policy Watch to comment on the kENUP venture, pharma observers in Switzerland said that the kENUP initiative was perceived an industry outlier. On Friday, WHO’s Director General Dr Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus is set to visit the Cape Town-based facilities of the new Technology Transfer Hub, including Afrigen Biologics & Vaccines, which may have now replicated the Moderna mRNA COVID vaccine.  The BMJ

Image Credits: Afrigen .

South Africa’s Competition Commission is pursuing prosecution against Swiss pharmaceutical giant Roche for “alleged excessive pricing” of its breast cancer treatment drug, Trastuzumab (marketed as Herceptin).

It estimates that some 10,000 women were unable to get the treatment they needed between 2011 and 2019 because of Trastuzumab’s cost.

It has asked the country’s Competition Tribunal to impose a “maximum penalty” against Roche, for its alleged harmful and life-denying pricing conduct,” in violation of the country’s Competition Act, says Competition Commissioner Tembinkosi Bonakele.

The commission described Roche’s pricing as “a violation of basic human rights” as it denies access to life-saving medicine for women living with breast cancer.

“The Commission has prioritized this case because the impact of excessive pricing of Trastuzumab falls heavily on women, particularly poor women, who cannot access essential treatment because they cannot afford to pay for it,” said Commission spokesperson Siyabulela Makunga.

Trastuzumab is a first-line treatment life-saving drug that stops the development of an aggressive type of breast cancer called Human Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor 2 Positive (HER2+) breast cancer. Trastuzumab stops the development of tumours and prevents cancer from spreading. 

The Cancer Association of South Africa puts the annual cost of treatment at around $32,000 – way out of the reach of most South Africans.

While Roche refused to share its cost data with the commission, the commission used biosimilar manufacturing cost estimates and prices to determine that the company’s pricing was excessive.

Rwanda
In March 2021, Rwandans lined up to receive the AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccines. However, supplies stopped thanks to an export ban in India, paralysing Africa’s vaccination plans.

The WHO co-sponsored Act Accelerator Initiative, which aims to get 70% vaccine coverage to all countries by mid-2022, as well as more equal distribution of tests and treatments, tabled its latest  ask to donors – for some $16.8 billion in new funds – out of what it says would be a total cost of $48 billion to meet global equity targets. 

Speaking to journalists ahead of Wednesday’s launch of a new fundraising campaign, former UK Prime Minister Gordon Brown said that the funds would be crucial  to ending the pandemic in 2022.

However a report by the forecasting firm Airfinity, also issued on Wednesday, noted that some 35% of donated vaccine doses that have already been delivered to lower-income countries have not yet been administered. The assesment underlines the complexities faced on the ground in actually ensuring the uptake of COVID tools in countries and regions beset with multiple simultaneous health threats – and health services that are still facing considerable disruptions after two years of pandemic stress.

According to the ACT Accelerator which is a partnership of leading agencies that is providing the COVID tools to more than 90 low and lower middle-income countries, there is a US$ 16 billion ACT-Accelerator funding gap that needs to be filled by donors  That is not including $6.8 billion more needed for in-country delivery costs, which co sponsors of the initiative hope to meet from other sources, such as multilateral development bank loans.

Act Accelerator Ask for COVID treatments, tests and tools, alogn with in country delivery costs.

Closing that funding gap, ACT-Accelerator proponents say, will be important to ending the pandemic as a global emergency in 2022.  And those needs, totally some $23 billion, do not even include related costs for national procurement and hoped-for manufacturing scale up, which add up to another $25 billion – leaving a total investment cost of some $48 billion, according to the newly published ACT-A Investment case.

 

Gordon Brown, WHO Ambassador for Global Health Financing,

If the needed funding is not released, Brown added that the needed preventive actions may not be taken and this could put the entire world, including the rich countries, at a high risk.

“We urgently need the $16 billion because we do not fully fund preventative action yet. The disease will continue to mutate and do what could likely surprise us all. We urgently need the $16 billion because while future variants may be less lethal, they could also turn out to be more lethal, and it makes sense to be prepared,” Brown added.

With a mandate to overcome vast global inequities by providing low- and middle-income countries with access to COVID-19 tests, treatments, vaccines and personal protective equipment, ACT-Accelerator said it urgently needs new funding to scale up its work to develop and deliver the COVID-19 countermeasures essential to address the threat of Omicron and prevent even more dangerous variants from emerging.

“Prof John-Anne Rottingen, Norway’s Ambassador for Global Health Professor and Chair of the ACT-Accelerator Finance and Resource Mobilisation Working Group, said the specific sources of financing for the initiative are contributions from sovereign donors, LMIC governments’ domestic national resources and support from multilateral development banks (MDBs).

“The overall ask is $16.8 billion of the $23.4 billion budget. The remaining $6.5 billion we hope can be supported by MDBs as well as through domestic financing in middle-income countries. But in addition, I want to also highlight that this is not the total of the international COVID-19 response, there is an additional need for $24.6 billion. So in total, the COVID-19 response in 2022 is at $48 billion,” Rottingen said.

Among the additional $24.6 billion is in-country support which will support countries in delivering vaccines, tests and treatments. Rottingen said this will cost $6.8 billion and can be provided by international bilateral support in addition to the support for the ACT agencies, as well as support from the MDBs.

The fair share model

To raise the funding, a total of 55 countries have been written to and they include all high-income countries, G20 upper-middle-income countries, and two additional middle-income countries who are contributors to the ACT-Accelerator.

The ‘Fair share’ contributions were calculated for each of the countries and collectively cover the total immediate grant funding need of US$ 16.8 billion, assuming that the private sector and philanthropic institutions can cover US$ 0.5 billion. For the 2020-21 ACT-Accelerator budget, six countries (Canada, Germany, Kuwait, Norway, Saudi Arabia and Sweden) met or exceeded their fair share commitments.

Rottingen noted that they are using a model that was developed in the first budget cycle of the accelerator, and is based on a simplification of the International Monetary Fund quota formula with the main indicators being GDP as well as the openness of the economy. 

“And then adjusting that by GDP per capita to introduce a progressive element in the fair share model, and then finally adding a 20% risk buffer to ensure that we can meet the funding target of $16.8 billion,” he added.

The European Union is expected to contribute around a quarter of the needs, the rest of G7 will contribute 46%, the remaining members of the G20 will contribute 22% while 8% will be provided by other countries based on the fair share model.

Triumph of science, failure of politics

Carl Bildt, WHO Special Envoy for the ACT-Accelerator described the COVID-19 pandemic as a triumph of science but possible failure of politics considering the gross inequity in the availability of the means to fight COVID — vaccines, treatments and testing.

“It is not only morally appalling, it is also profoundly dangerous. If we don’t stop the pandemic, we might soon run out of Greek alphabets. We know that some variants might be more benign, but others might not be. And we all know that there’s absolutely no way of knowing which of the variants is coming next,” he said. 

Image Credits: WHO, https://www.who.int/publications/m/item/consolidated-financing-framework-for-act-a-agency-in-country-needs.

A child in Pakhistan getitng his polio drops.

As Afghanistan’s fragile health system battles for survival, hard-earned gains of the past 20 years in the tenacious battle against polio are under threat. But on a hopeful note, the new Taliban regime has just launched its first national polio vaccine campaign – reversing years of opposition to the life-saving intervention. 

Afghanistan witnessed the lowest ever polio transmission in 2021 providing what WHO officials have described at a recent Executive Board meeting as an “unprecedented” opportunity to interrupt transmission of wild poliovirus and ultimately achieve eradication. 

Only four cases of wild poliovirus type 1 (WPV1) were reported in the country last year.  Previously,  dozens of such cases would typically emerge. Leading up to this, two nationwide campaigns undertaken last year before the Taliban takeover in August 2021.  The campaign reached eight million children, including 2.6 million who were vaccinated for the first time. This has raised hopes for an end game for the crippling virus.

Taliban launch first-ever polio campaign – as Afghan health minister visits Geneva

Dr Qalandar Ebad, Acting Afghan Minister of Health

After years of opposition to vaccination, the Taliban government have pledged to maintain the momentum. The new Afghan government recently launched its first national polio immunization campaign for 2022, targeting 9.9 million children aged 0 – 59 months. However, the campaign is taking place against the continued spectre of hunger, humanitarian crisis and a “dire” health situation, according to WHO’s Director General Dr Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus.

Tedros met this week in Geneva with the Taliban’s acting Health Minister, Dr Qalandar Ebad, who arrived Sunday with a larger Taliban delegation, upon the invitation of the humanitarian group, Geneva Call, as part of an effort to unblock desperately needed humanitarian aid.

“Despite some improvements since then, the health situation in Afghanistan is still dire, and the acute humanitarian crisis is continuing to put lives at risk,” wrote Tedros in a tweet Wednesday, after Tuesday’s meeting.   Calling for continued dialogue with the Taliban, Tedros’ message also focused on the need to support Afghanistan’s COVID response and girl’s education. It was his  second meeting to date with the new Afghan health leader, following a visit by the WHO DG to Kabul in September 2021.

Taliban campaign reverses years of vaccine hesistancy

Desperately seeking international recognition and support, the Taliban-run Ministry of Public Health clearly now sees the uptake of polio vaccinations as an international and domestic win-win.  It has taken the lead in promoting polio vaccinations and convincing people to get their children vaccinated,  reversing years of vaccine hesitancy that characterised hardliners in the group.

In a televised interview this week, Ebad, a medical doctor by training, mentioned that immunization was among his ministry’s top priorities.

“Together with the international community, we would try our best to eradicate polio that is nearly diminished from Afghanistan. As a physician, I assure people that this is a disease that needs to be defeated on science-based international strategy, be it polio, measles or Covid-19 we would follow a global strategy,” he said. 

Afghanist & Pakistan are only countries remaining with wild poliovirus

Afghanistan and Pakistan are the only countries in the world that have been unable to stop endemic transmission of wild poliovirus, according to the World Health Organization (WHO). 

Pakistan has long blamed its polio cases on Afghan migrants and refugees, so Afghanistan’s battle is also one with high stakes for neighbouring countries who are concerned that any renewed outbreaks could spill over borders. 

While Afghanistan and Pakistan are still grappling with the wild poliovirus, the world is gearing up to roll out a new generation of polio vaccines to fight vaccine-derived polio cases that have been a problem in 27 countries in the African, Eastern Mediterranean, Europe and Western Pacific regions.

Finishing the eradication of wild polio in Afghanistan and Pakistan as well as advancing new vaccines to stamp out vaccine-derived polio cases in Africa, the Middle East and parts of Latin America and Asia,  were twin themes at the recent WHO Executive Board discussions on polio eradication – a health stream that is one of the largest in WHO’s budget. 

The discussions, which continued for hours, featured countries in Africa, Asia and the Eastern Mediterranean describing the challenges they face in rolling out a new generation oral polio vaccines to help wipe out vaccine-derived polio cases from older, less effective vaccine technologies – while remaining watchful of any risks from wild polio outbreaks. 

Ground Zero in the polio battle  

Last year, Africa was declared free of polio as a result of a determined 30-year effort. 

But in the fight against wild polio, Afghanistan remains ground zero in the battle. And the new immunization drive is taking place against the spectre of health worker protests that are stalling health service more generally. 

Evidently exhausted from relentless hours of duties, doctors and other frontline health workers have been on the street in a number of provinces protesting against the non-payment of salaries for months as the Taliban government struggles to manage budget flows amid the tough international sanctions imposed on it by the west.  

One protesting doctor based in the northern region of the country, Habibaullah Ahmadi, told the Health Policy Watch that he had not received his salary for 10 months now and was battling to survive. 

“We have decided to only continue work with few more days, but if we are still not paid our salaries, we will close the door of the hospitals because we all have families and we have a lot of problems, and we ask the international community to intervene and pay our due rights,” said Ahmadi.

Local authorities acknowledged the issue of non-payment of salaries, but blame the freeze on Afghan state reserves worth around $9 billion in the US for it. 

Recently,  doctors returned to work when the regional health head, Zaman Azami, assured the protesting health workers that their problems would be resolved ‘soon’.

The northern region of Afghanistan was the site of some of the deadliest clashes between the Taliban and the former government forces backed by  NATO, which resulted in disruption to the immunization drives last year and the emergence of most y of the new wild polio cases.

Although fighting has mainly ceased with the rise to power of the Taliban, the economic hardship that has followed has had an impact on the vaccination drives.

Meanwhile, the hardline Islamic State’s Khorasan (IS-K) chapter that recently claimed multiple deadly attacks in Afghanistan, continues to oppose the vaccination.

In the eastern provinces of Afghanistan marred by IS-K terrorism, at least four members of the polio vaccination team were gunned down and three others wounded last June. Back in March, three more members of polio vaccination team, all female, were shot dead by unknown assailants in the same area. 

Vaccine scepticism and attacks on vaccination teams

Children in Pakistan show proof of vaccination against polio.

Researcher and author, Ziaur Rehman, who has worked on polio campaigns for years, told Health Policy Watch that although the Taliban’s public stance on vaccinations has evidently changed, the mindset they nurtured against vaccinations during the past 20 years of insurgency will take years to address.

“If you remember it was broadly reported that the American CIA had used a Pakistani doctor, Shakil Afridi, to set up a fake polio vaccination campaign as a cover for the search for Al Qaeda chief Osama bin Laden in Pakistan. Ever since then, health authorities in Afghanistan and Pakistan have been struggling to win public confidence on the immunization,” Rehman said. 

A bunch of the Taliban splinter groups, particularly in the border regions between Afghanistan and Pakistan, continue to issue death threats to all those involved in the immunization campaigns despite the rise to power of the group in Kabul.

Echoing these concerns, senior Afghan paediatrician and former deputy director health, Dr Kabeer Ahmad told Health Policy Watch that scepticism towards polio and other vaccines still remain high, particularly in the rural communities. 

“If you go to the remote villages there are many people who still have serious doubts about the vaccine. It is in these communities, which also frequently travel between Afghanistan and Pakistan, that you see the virus transmitting.”

It is worth noticing that the WHO had said in a statement that Afridi was never part of any polio vaccination program in Pakistan – genuine or fake – and that baseless reports linking him to anti-polio efforts had damaged the ongoing vaccination campaign.

Remarkable progress

At the WHO Executive Board last month, WHO officials praised the “remarkable progress” in the fight against the virus in Afghanistan, and it was labelled as the “best opportunity” to end polio for the entire world. 

“To reach the final goal (of polio eradication). We need more of what we saw in 2021, the government leadership at all levels, and embedded access to children, informed and engaged communities and the highest quality of operations. And we need all of this to be sustained until transmission (of the virus) is interrupted, and the number of paralyzed children is at zero and kept,” said  Dr Ahmed Salim Saif Al Mandhari, WHO Regional Director for the Eastern Mediterranean Region, which includes Afghanistan and Pakistan.

The WHO has an estimated budget of $4.2 billion set aside for the five-year Global Polio Eradication Initiative 2019-2023 in partnership with UNICEF. The second component, starting in 2022, is the one-time cost of $121 million to have oral polio vaccine stockpiles (OPV) in place for use post-certification. Together, it brings the overall cost to achieve and sustain polio eradication to $5.1 billion

It was also underlined at the meeting that the world must not overlook the challenges that remain on this front such as the outbreaks of vaccine-derived polio viruses. 

Taliban seek international financial support

“I urge the member states to make domestic funding available to respond when needed, so that National Public Health capacities respond to outbreaks, as well as the COVID 19 pandemic, and are robust and can be integrated into broader public health services across steadily,” said Dr Al Mandhari, who also visited Kabul and met the Taliban leadership along with Tedros in September.

At the EB, many members state expressed commitment and support for the WHO’s immunization drive. It was stated that the financial support from the Global Polio Eradication Initiative will continue until the end of 2023 for the 10 countries at higher risk for polio, including Afghanistan while the 37 low-risk polio countries are being funded through the WHO based budget. 

After the assurance of funds by the international community, Ebad said that the immunization programs would cover the entire country rather than the 30-40% previous target.

The novel oral polio vaccine for type two, which received WHO’s first-ever emergency use listing in November 2020, has been introduced and delivered at scale in 12 countries using almost 200 million doses aimed at eradicating vaccine-derived polio transmission. 

The supply chain has since been strengthened with 640 million doses planned for delivery during 2022, according to the WHO. Still, at the Executive Board meeting of the WHO last month, the global health body’s chief, Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus warned against lowering guard against the crippling virus. 

“When there is success, we tend to lower our guard. So what I say is we need to be more aggressive, and we shouldn’t lower our guard. That’s what I say but eradicating polio is within reach,” said Tedros.

Image Credits: UNICEF Pakistan, Ministry of Public Health, Afghanistan.

Healthcare workers in Nigeria have struggled to maintain routine childhood vaccination services during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Two years after the COVID-19 pandemic began, over ninety percent of countries continue to face ongoing disruptions to their health systems, according to a survey published Monday evening by the World Health Organization.

The WHO Global Pulse Survey, the third of its kind since the start of the COVID-19 crisis, analysed responses from 129 countries, territories and areas on the continuity of essential health services in the latter part of 2021.  The aim, WHO said, is to gain insights into the impact of the pandemic on these services and related changes that countries could be facing. 

At the end of the year, disruptions were occuring across practically every sector of health services – and at roughly the same rates as the first quarter of 2021, when vaccines were not yet widely available, found the survey, which covered both high, middle and lower income countries.

“Findings from this latest survey, conducted at the end of 2021, suggest that health systems in all regions and in countries of all income levels continue to be severely impacted, with little to no improvement since early 2021, when the previous survey was conducted,” stated a WHO press statement.

Strikingly, health workforce issues were found to be the biggest barrier to scaling up access to COVID-19 testing, treatment and vaccination. WHO said this is likely a result of staff exhaustion, workforce infections, and health workers leaving their jobs due to the stress of the pandemic.

More than a third (35%) of countries reported health workforce challenges more broadly beyond the bottlenecks in COVID-related healthcare services.

Disruptions across all major areas of healthcare services

In terms of other challenges, countries reported disruptions across all major health areas: sexual, reproductive, maternal, newborn, child and adolescent health, immunization, nutrition, cancer care, mental, neurological and substance use disorders, HIV, hepatitis, TB, malaria, neglected tropical diseases and care for older people. 

Moreover, at the same time that countries were scaling up their administration of COVID-19 vaccines, they reported increased disruptions in routine immunization services.

More than half of the countries responding to the survey said that many people are still unable to access care at the primary care and community care levels.

Elective surgeries were also disrupted in 59% of countries, which WHO said could have accumulating and long-term impact on personal health and well-being. 

Nearly one-third (32%) reported challenges accessing emergency room services.

Some 66 core health services across multiple delivery platforms and health areas were included in the survey.

Plans for recovery

At the same time, countries have tried to further beef up their responses to adapt and rebound from the continuing crisis, including with the provision of more home care and telemedicine; stepped up healthworker recruitment and training; procurement of “surge commodities” and more public financial support for the delivery of certain services, such as COVID testing or vaccination, to ensure wider uptake.

One-half of countries surveyed have developed a health service recovery plan to prepare for future health emergencies, and 70% of countries having allocated additional government funding to health workforce strengthening; access to medicines and other health products; digital health; facility infrastructure; and public engagement and communications.

As the survey responses were gathered up to November 2021, the data does not reflect the complex impacts on health services of the Omicron wave – which hit in late November.  That wave has infected unprecedented numbers of people in most countries around the world, including large numbers of healthcare workers.  At the same time, hospitalization rates have been proportionately lower than past COVID waves.  That allowed some countries to refocus efforts on other emergency and routine hospital procedures – although hospital capacity in other countries has been strained by surges in moderately and seriously ill COVID patients.   

The full report can be found here.

Image Credits: Twitter: @WHOAFRO.