A woman in Africa’s Sahel region shows how her maize corn ears have dried up in a drought, which are occuring with greater frequency in the world’s most food insecure regions as a result of climate change.

A sweeping World Health Organization report on Climate and Health, published just ahead of a critical Glasgow climate conference (COP 26)  that begins 31 October, has declared that “the burning of fossil fuels is killing us” –  the bluntest denunciation to date by the global health agency of societies’ fossil fuel addiction. 

“Climate change is the single biggest health threat facing humanity,” adds the report, whose publication was accompanied by an open appeal to governments, signed by some 300 health organizations representing 45 million health workers worldwide – two-thirds of the global health workforce.  

The “COP26 Special Report on Climate Change and Health” provides little in the way of brand-new data on a much-discussed issue.  But it is the boldest yet of WHO’s recent statements on increasingly alarming trends – leading to more extreme heat episodes, fires, floods, and droughts, and air pollution – which in turn create a cascade of health effects. 

“There are 45 million plus health care professionals who are witnesses to the health emergency that is unfolding in plain sight,” said Howard Catton, CEO of the International Council of Nurses. 

Health professionals, including WHO staff, demonstrate for clean air and climate action outside of the Geneva United Nations headquarters in 2018.

“They see and work with young … and old people struggling with respiratory disorders caused or exacerbated by poor air quality and pollution… people with heatstroke, exhaustion and hypothermia,” said Howard Catton, CEO of the International Council of Nurses, which played a major role in mustering the health community to its appeal for action. 

“They support people who are not coping with extreme temperature changes from heat stroke and exhaustion to hypothermia….

“And they see and experience extreme events and disasters like flooding and forest fires which resulted from spreading infectious diseases, including vector borne diseases, the contamination of food and water that people can’t avoid. 

“They see that the impact is not just on people’s physical health, but on their mental health, depression, anxiety, grief, isolation symptoms of post traumatic stress disorder,” he added.

“The planet has become the patient.” 

An overview of climate-sensitive health risks, their exposure pathways and vulnerability factors.

Reducing climate change could save 5.6 million lives annually from air pollution-related deaths

Despite its harsh tone, the report provides no new estimate for how many lives a year are being lost to climate change directly, said Dr Diarmid Campbell-Lendrum, one of the leaders of the report.  He acknowledged that the most recent WHO study estimated projected deaths from climate change at around 230,000 people a year by the year 2030 – which admittedly only looked at a “small proportion of the ways in climate change affects health.”  Those estimates also omitted a critical issue, the impacts of extreme heat on health – which is increasingly affecting not only older people but also workers in construction, agriculture and other outdoor occupations.  

Diarmid Campbell-Lendrum, Head of WHO Climate Change Unit

Even so, dramatically reducing the burning of fossil fuels, as well as domestic burning of wood and biomass for cooking and heating, would slash deaths from air pollution by 80%, saving some 5.6 million lives a year, said Dr Maria Neira, Director of WHO’s Department of Environment, Climate and Health, which coordinated the report.  

Dr. Maria Neira, Director of WHO Environment, Climate Change and Health

“One of the things that has become very clear in the past few years is this compounding nature of the climate crisis,” added Campbell-Lendrum referring to the synergies. “We have increasing extreme heat also combining with other vulnerability factors. We have urbanizing populations, we have older populations, we have populations living with other previous [health] conditions.”

And while the most heavy health burden from climate change tends falls upon people living in low- and middle-income countries whose homes, food security and livelihoods are more directly impacted by more extreme weather, people in high-income countries are feeling, more and more, the impacts of climate-related drought, fires and flooding, and extreme heat – as evidenced by the wildfires, flooding and heat extremes, seen over the past two years in countries ranging from Australia, to Germany and the United States. 

 … Populations that we thought were relatively immune from climate change, those living in developed countries are in fact much more vulnerable than we thought, including to things like heat stress,” Campbell-Lendrum said. 

Template for Greener COVID Recovery   

The report calls for sustainable, health urban design and transport systems, with improved land-use, access to green and blue public space, and priority for walking, cycling, and public transport.

Billed as a template for action in 10 critical areas – from healthier cities to healthier energy supplies – the report strikes a forward-looking note, citing the solutions available if only sufficient money and political are invested in the climate issue.

The report zeroes into more detail on four key areas of action:  

  • Healthier energy systems; 
  • ‘Reimaginging’ urban environments, transport and mobility – a major source of climate emissions and air pollution in cities;
  • Promoting healthy, sustainable food systems that deliver more nutritious diets with a smaller carbon footprint than current meat- and processed food heavy diets. 
  • Protecting and restoring natural biodiversity, which is essential to the regeneration of   clean water, clean air and food production systems.   

The emphasis, said Neira, should be on the positive benefits that can be generated for people with the right set of climate actions.

“The positive message on the health argument is that whatever you do to tackle the causes of climate change will have enormous benefit for the health of the people,” Neira pointed out – and that argument goes beyond the 5.6 million lives that could be saved from cleaner air. 

“If you do the transformation that is needed in terms of sustainable force food systems, the healthy diets that will result, will prevent as well 5.1 million deaths every year. Plus, all the benefits will come from transport, physical activity. Our society needs to understand that tackling the causes of climate change …probably have a big opportunity,” Neira stressed, adding that whatever investment is spent would be far outweighed by the savings obtained in human lives, productivity and healthcare costs.

Presently, however, as economies around the world continue to pump billions into economic recovery from the COVID pandemic, monies still aren’t being invested into climate-friendly economic stimuli, Campbell-Lendrum pointed out:

“We still see that about 80% of those are investments according to the OECD, are either neutral or harmful for the environment, we have to bring that balance more towards a greener recovery.”

Greening the health sector

The report calls to build climate-resilient and environmentally sustainable health systems and facilities.

The report also calls upon the health sector to start greening its own backyard – by creating more sustainable and climate resilient health facilities.

“If the health sector was a country it would be the fifth largest climate emitter in the world,” declared Neira, referring to the very high carbon footprint of health facilities in most developed countries – second only to the leisure industry in terms of building energy and water demand.

The same facilities are also major generators of plastic and other types of waste from the use of single use health products – often unavoidable. At the same time, facilities in low- and middle-income countries may lack adequate access to electricity and safe water supplies for hygiene and basic health care operations, like maternal and newborn delivery.  Extreme heat in poorly designed and ventilated facilities create huge risks for women in labour, increasing risks of haemorrhage, as well as their newborns – and particularly premature babies – who are more vulnerable to dehydration and lack adequate physiological mechanisms for heat control.

“This report shows that there are ways to limit climate change that can also improve our wellbeing,” said Cheryl Moore, Director of Research Programmes at Wellcome Trust, which has made climate change one of its premier strategic priorities: 

“We’ve spent too long thinking about these issues in isolation; now is the time to focus our efforts on a global, unified strategy to safeguard human health, and that of the planet. It will require all of us working together – now and for the decades to come.”

Image Credits: Commons Wikimedia, Pablo Tosco/Oxfam, WHO, Planetary Health Eastern Africa Hub, WHO/Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.

Inactivated COVID-19 vaccine candidate produced by Beijing Institute of Biological Products and Sinopharm Group.

The World Health Organization’s (WHO) Strategic Advisory Group of Experts (SAGE) has recommended that people over the age of 60 who received the Chinese Sinovac and Sinopharm vaccines, should get a third shot – possibly with another vaccine.

“The use of a heterologous platforms vaccine for the additional dose may also be considered based on vaccine supply and access considerations,” according to a preliminary report from last week’s SAGE meeting, an indication that the experts believe that stronger immune responses may be initiated when a different vaccine is used.

“When implementing this recommendation, countries should initially aim at maximizing two-dose coverage in that population, and thereafter administer the third dose, starting in the oldest age groups.”

Scrupulously avoiding calling them boosters, SAGE also recommended that third doses should be offered to “moderately and severely immunocompromised persons” as part of “an extended primary series”.

SAGE also reviewed Bharat Biotech’s COVID-19 Vaccine, Covaxin, and would issue a policy recommendation when the vaccine is Emergency Use Listed (EUL) by WHO – an indication that EUL is close.

SAGE also recommends that all countries consider implementing seasonal influenza vaccination based on the burden of disease, the cost-effectiveness, competing public health priorities, and programmatic feasibility. 

For countries implementing seasonal influenza vaccinations, SAGE recommended prioritising health workers, people with chronic medical conditions, older adults and pregnant women.

 

Image Credits: Sinopharm.

Brazil’s flag draped over a coffin.

Brazil’s official death toll from COVID-19 reached 600,000 late Friday, the second-highest in the world after the US – and a leading epidemiologist blames the Bolsonaro administration for deliberately spreading the virus to achieve “herd immunity”.

“Brazil’s federal government put in place a deliberate policy of exposing the population to the pandemic,” according to Cesar Vitora, Emeritus Professor of Epidemiology at the University of Pelotas and renowned global child health expert.

“In the beginning, we thought they were just incompetent but it was actually deliberate because they tried to reach herd immunity soon so that the economy could go back and start growing. Those 600,000 deaths were not due to incompetence or lack of knowledge but due to deliberate efforts,” he told a meeting last week convened by the Swedish medical university, Karolinska Institutet.

Active dissemination of patients to other states

According to Vitora, instead of isolating people in the Amazon region who had been infected with a new and more potent Gamma (P1) variant, government health officials “actually started sending critically ill patients to all 27 states in the country, an active dissemination strategy, that now is more understandable because that was part of their effort to reach ‘herd immunity’ as a deliberate policy.”

The World Health Organization (WHO) has expressly warned that “herd immunity against COVID-19 should be achieved by protecting people through vaccination, not by exposing them to the pathogen that causes the disease”.

Earlier in the year, human rights researchers from the Conectas Human Rights organisation and the Center for Studies and Research on Health Law (CEPEDISA) at the University of São Paulo also asserted “the existence of an institutional strategy that attempts to spread the virus, promoted by the Brazilian government and spearheaded by the Presidency of the Republic”.

The researchers came to this conclusion by analysing federal government rules and presidential vetoes during the pandemic; “acts of obstruction” to state and municipal government efforts to respond to the pandemic; and “propaganda against public health” aimed at “discrediting health authorities, weakening popular adherence to science-based recommendations, and promoting political activism against the public health measures required to contain the spread of COVID-19”.

The research reveals the “commitment and efficiency of the federal government’s work in favor of the extensive spread of the virus in Brazilian territory, with the stated goal of resuming economic activity as quickly as possible and at any cost”, concluded the researchers headed by Professors Deisy Ventura, Fernando Abujamra Aith and Rossana Reis.

Bolsonaro ‘dereliction of duty’ probe

Brazilian president Jair Bolsonaro

They subsequently submitted their research to a parliamentary inquiry into the federal government’s pandemic response which was convened between April and late June, coinciding with the country’s deadliest two COVID-19 waves that averaged 74,000 to 76,000 new cases per day.

The inquiry also probed possible corruption in a $300-million deal in which Bharat Biotech offered to sell its indigenously-made COVID-19 vaccine, Covaxin, to Brazil for a whopping $15 per dose – yet after 18 months, not a single dose had materialised.

In July, after the televised inquiry, Brazil’s top prosecutor said he would request an investigation of President Jair Bolsonaro for dereliction of duty during the process of procuring Covaxin.

Vitora said that Bolsonaro and his officials “minimised the health effects of COVID at first, then they opposed lockdowns and social distancing. They discouraged the use of face masks. They delayed the procurement of vaccines. We were very late to start vaccinating. And they constantly challenged the effectiveness of vaccines. As you well know, the only president in the United Nations General Assembly recently who had not been vaccinated was Bolsonaro.”

Poor Black Brazilians and indigenous people have been particularly badly affected by the pandemic, said Vitora.

While the US has more deaths than Brazil, Brazil’s per capita death toll is considerably higher – 2,847 deaths per million to the US’s 2,162 deaths per million. The nation of over 212,6 million people has officially recorded over 21 million deaths although the figure is likely to be much higher.

A large study that Vitora was involved in that was aimed at assessing the impact of the pandemic in 133 Brazilian cities had to be stopped because the government sent out messages to people on WhatsApp telling them “not allow our interviewers to collect a fingerprint blood sample antibody test”, he added.

Fake cures

Bolsonaro, who has gone through three health ministers in the past 18 months, has promoted ivermectin and hydroychloroquine to treat COVID-19, frequently said that the virus would ‘soon’ pass and also used his veto powers to undermine state governors’ attempts to contain the pandemic through lockdowns and social distancing measures.

“Everything right now is pandemic this, pandemic that. Come on, this has to stop. I am sorry for the dead, I am. We’ll all die one day. There’s no use trying to escape it, to escape reality. We can no longer be a country of sissies, come on,” Bolsanero said in a public address last November.

Last December, 11 former Ministers of Health from different political parties published an article denouncing the “disastrous and inefficient conduct of the Ministry of Health in relation to the Brazilian strategy of vaccinating the population against COVID-19”.

The following month, a supreme court injunction allowed states to vaccinate citizens with approved vaccines and to import vaccines.

Shortly afterwards, Bolsanero said that Pfizer was “tampering with people’s immune systems” and was refusing to take responsibility for side effects, including “if you turn into an alligator… If you become Superman, if some woman is born with a beard, or if a man starts to have a thin voice”.

“Fake news has been a cornerstone of the Bolsanero government’s handling of the pandemic,” said Vitora, stressing that the medical and scientific community had to work out “how to communicate science in a way that it reaches the whole population, counterbalancing, the massive dissemination of fake news by people with bad intentions, who are not interested in science”.

However, Brazil finally seems to be turning the tide on the pandemic, and has vaccinated almost 48% of its population. Meanwhile, Bolsonaro was denied entry to a soccer match over the weekend because he is unvaccinated.

Image Credits: Rafaela Biazi/ Unsplash.

The redistribution of available vaccine doses could avert an estimated one million deaths by mid-2022, found a new MSF report, renewing calls for increased dose redistribution.

The hoarding of more than 870 million excess doses of COVID-19 vaccines in just 10 high-income countries is likely to deprive hundreds of millions of healthcare workers and vulnerable populations in low- and middle-income countries of the opportunity to get even a first vaccine dose, according to a new report by Medecins Sans Frontieres (MSF).

The report maps doses that will be available until the end of 2021 in the United States, Canada, Great Britain, Australia and seven other European countries – even after all people age 16 and over were fully vaccinated and third booster doses administered to those at risk. 

The excess doses of COVID-19 vaccines by the end of 2021 after vaccinating people ages 16 and up in ten high-income countries.

Those forecasts of excess doses are conservative – in light of the fact that most high income countries have only reached 70% vaccination coverage of those groups, at best, with vaccine campaigns leveling off after that.  

Based on its analysis, MSF said there is added urgency for high-income countries redistribute excess doses to LMICs, with support for rollout as well. It also repeated previous calls asking pharma companies to prioritize vaccine sales to LMICs.

“If excess COVID-19 vaccine doses are not urgently redistributed, millions of doses could be wasted as they lay idle in HIC storage and are unable to be used before their expiry date.b G7 and EU countries alone could waste 241 million doses by the end of 2021. This would be a tragedy given the urgent need in LMICs,” states the report, published on Thursday.

Timeline critical for dose redistribution – opportunities narrowing fast 

“An additional concern is the timeline for dose redistribution,” the report states. 

“If doses are ‘dumped’ towards the end of the year instead of being steadily redistributed, LMIC health systems may not have the capacity to absorb these doses and they would be wasted, especially if these doses are close to their expiry date. 

This is why it is essential that HICs begin redistributing doses now and commit to clear delivery schedules by the end of October 2021.” 

The report’s authors also stressed that it’s far preferable for  high income countries to redistribute their excess doses through the WHO co-sponsored global COVAX facility – to ensure that doses are redistributed to where there is greatest need and where health systems are able to absorb them. 

This was a message underlined by a COVAX advisory committee recently – saying that bilateral country donations may yield good political capital – but not be as efficient in terms of really getting the doses used effectively. 

Finally, vaccine donations should be accompanied by technical support to actually help LMICs administer the jabs, the report stressed. 

“Not covering these costs will compromise countries’ implementation capacity and therefore the effectiveness of vaccination strategies.”  

World far from WHO’s 40% end-year vaccination goal

The world is currently far from reaching the WHO vaccination targets of vaccinating 40% of the population of all countries by the end of this year and 70% by mid-2022. Some 56 countries failed to meet the goal of reaching 10% vaccination coverage by the end of September. 

In addition, the COVAX Facility has fallen far behind its supply forecast. 

Over 60% of people in high-income countries have received at least one dose of a COVID vaccine, but less than 3% of people in low-income countries have. 

At this stage, healthcare workers and vulnerable people in LMICs will not receive their vaccinations until after the majority of wealthy countries’ populations are fully protected, including with booster shots.

Nearly one million COVID deaths could be averted by dose-sharing

Dose redistribution now is also the fastest way to save lives, said MSF. 

The report estimates that nearly one million COVID deaths could be averted by mid-2022 if available excess doses are redistributed by the end of the year.

“If the world is not urgently vaccinated, it is more likely that ‘variants of concern’ (VOC) will develop and spread globally,” said the MSF report. “The public health, ethical, human rights and economic justifications for ensuring equitable and rapid access to COVID-19 vaccines that can save lives and limit the spread of COVID-19 are clear.”

The doses shared should be suitable, affordable and have sufficient remaining shelf life, MSF added.

Failures of the COVAX Facility

The urgent calls to rich countries for more dose sharing come as the global COVAX vaccine Facility, created with high ambitions to support the development, procurement, and distribution of vaccines, continues to fall far short of its original distribution timeline.

Some fifteen months after the global COVAX was established, the Facility has delivered 230 million doses and is “severely off course” to achieving its goal of delivering two billion doses by the end of 2021, the MSF report noted.  

According to MSF, COVAX failures are related to its “business-as-usual approach,” which allowed pharma companies to decide which countries would be first supplied. 

The inclusion of LMIC governments, regional bodies, and civil society organizations in the design of COVAX would have led to a body more reflective of the needs of LMICs, said MSF. 

As a result, the COVAX model shouldn’t be replicated for future pandemics. Instead regional procurement mechanisms could help regions take better control of their own vaccine manufacturer and supply, the MSF report concluded.

Image Credits: VPalestine/Twitter, WHO PAHO, MSF.

Rwanda
Rwandans queue to receive the AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine delivered by COVAX in March.

The World Health Organization (WHO) believes that is possible to get 70% of the world vaccinated against COVID-19 by June – but only if wealthy countries redirect their doses and orders to poorer countries that are lagging behind.

Eleven billion vaccines are needed to reach the 70% target, said WHO Director-General Dr Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus at the launch of the global body’s Strategy to Achieve Global Covid-19 Vaccination by mid-2022.

More than 6.4 billion doses had already been administered globally, and one-third of the world’s population is fully vaccinated against COVID-19,” said Tedros.

“Contracts are in place for the remaining five billion doses, but it’s critical that those go where they are needed most, with priority given to older people, health workers and other at-risk groups,” said Tedros.

“We can only achieve our targets if the countries and companies that control vaccine supply put contracts for COVAX, and the African Vaccine Acquisition Trust (AVAT) first for deliveries, and donated doses.”

Tedros added that there was “horrifying inequity” as high and upper-middle-income countries had used 75% of all vaccines produced so far while low-income countries have received “less than half of 1% of the world’s vaccines”.

Earlier this year, WHO set three global vaccination targets to end the pandemic: 10% of the world’s population vaccinated by the end of September, 40% by December and 70% by next June.

Failed to meet 10% target

But 56 countries, mostly in Africa and the Middle East, failed to meet the 10% target last month. The average vaccination rate in Africa is 4.4%.

However, WHO’s Dr Kate O’Brien, head of vaccines and immunisation, said that around 200 million vaccines were needed for all countries to reach 10% coverage – less than a week’s production, as around 1.5 billion vaccine doses are being produced every month.

Bruce Aylward, Tedros’ special adviser, added that 40% of people were already fully vaccinated in North America, South America and Asia, while the Western Pacific was close to that. 

“Of course, the problem in sub-Saharan Africa,” said Aylward. “There’s enough vaccine in the world, but we have a distribution and delivery problem. If we can’t solve that problem in 12 weeks, that speaks poorly for the urgency we need to end the pandemic.” 

He challenged every country with over 40% coverage, saying that if they were not prioritising helping lower-income unvaccinated parts of the world and COVAX then “they’re simply not doing enough to help achieve global equity”. 

‘Costed, coordinated and credible’

United Nations Secretary-General António Guterres

Describing the WHO strategy as a “costed, coordinated and credible path out of the COVID-19 pandemic for everyone, everywhere”, United Nations Secretary-General António Guterres said that $8-billion was needed to meet the 70% target, both to buy doses and support in-country delivery.  

Guterres expressed frustration that neither the UN nor the WHO had the power to compel wealthy countries or vaccine manufacturers to distribute vaccines fairly.

“I’ve long been pushing for a global vaccination plan to reach everyone everywhere sooner rather than later; a plan that should be implemented by an emergency task force made up of present and potential vaccine production countries, the WHO, COVAX partners, international financial institutions, working with the pharmaceutical companies to guarantee the production of enough doses and their equitable distribution,” said Guterres.

“Unfortunately, I have not been heard. Yet instead of global, coordinated action to get vaccines where they are needed most, we have seen vaccine hoarding, vaccine nationalism and vaccine diplomacy.”

He warned that vaccine inequality is the best ally of the COVID-19 pandemic. 

“It’s allowing variants to develop and run wild condemning the world to millions more deaths and prolonging an economic slowdown that could cost trillions of dollars,” said Guterres.

Three steps

The WHO strategy proposes a three-step approach to vaccination, with all older adults, health workers, and high-risk groups of all ages, in every country vaccinated first, followed by the full adult age group in every country and finally adolescents.

It directs all member states to establish updated national COVID-19 vaccine targets and plans that “define dose requirements to guide manufacturing investment and vaccine redistribution”.

It appeals to countries with high vaccine coverage to swap their vaccine deliveries with COVAX and AVAT, accelerate donation commitments, and establish new dose-sharing commitments aimed at reaching the 70% target in every country.

It also calls for COVID-19 vaccine manufacturers to prioritize and fulfil COVAX and AVAT contracts, and be transparent about their monthly production.

 “We’ve heard the commitments. We’ve heard the talk. The DG has called for actions, and those are very clear in the strategy,” said O’Brien.

“Countries that have a substantial number of doses already and have achieved high vaccine coverage can swap their place in line for additional doses for the coming weeks and the coming months. The critical feature here is to get the doses to those places that are still lagging behind the target. The second part of this is that funding is needed for those countries to actually deliver the doses.”

Image Credits: WHO.

WTO chief spokesperson Keith Rockwell

Discussions over a controversial World Trade Organization waiver on intellectual property related to COVID vaccines, treatments and other tools, have become more “constructive” said a senior WTO spokesman on Thursday, in a press briefing on the first day of the WTO’s two-day General Council meeting. 

There has been a “subtle shifting in the direction of compromise from both sides,” said WTO chief spokesman Keith Rockwell, holding out hope of a possible agreement on the bitterly disputed initiative in time for the WTO’s big Ministerial Council meeting (MC12), November 30-12 December.

A waiver on intellectual property rights, enshrined in WTO’s TRIPS agreement, was first proposed by South Africa and India last year, as a way to expedite manufacture of desperately-needed COVID health products in lower-income countries that have lacked both capacity to make their own COVID vaccines and therapeutics, as well as purchasing power to acquire patented versions.  

But the initiative has also seen stiff opposition from developed countries, led by Germany and other EU nations, which contend that it could harm, rather than help, fledgling initiatives already underway to expand manufacturing capacity – and locate more of that capacity in low- and middle-income countries. 

The TRIPS waiver initiative is now co-sponsored directly by some 18 low- and middle-income countries along with dozens more nations affiliated with the WTO “African Group” as well as the “Least Developed Country (LDC) Group”.  

Today’s more positive tone at the WTO General Council followed on an announcement by Moderna, one of the world’s two top manufacturers of the newest, and most successful mRNA COVID vaccines, that it would invest in a state-of the-art mRNA vaccine facility in Africa capable of producing up to 500 million doses a year. (see related HPW story). 

In terms of ambition, the Moderna initiative well outpaces that of Pfizer, the world’s other mRNA vaccine powerhouse to jumpstart more vaccine manufacturing on the continent.  In July, Pfizer announced a partnership with South Africa’s Biovac, whereby the South African firm would perform the “fill and finish” for up to 100 million Pfizer vaccines, beginning next year.   

Two-pronged approach in WTO to COVID crisis 

While Rockwell did not cite any concrete points where progress on the waiver talks had been made, he said that the tone of discussions had changed significantly over the past two months. 

“While there is not an agreement on this, and I don’t want to overstate this, or be overly optimistic, I think it’s fair to say that the tone of the discussion was really quite constructive,” Rockwell stated. 

“There were very few highly politically charged interventions; a number of important delegations said that they were ready to look at any proposals that addressed all the concerns –  the issues here are ones with which you’ll be familiar,” Rockwell observed. 

Those issues include high-income countries assertions that IP protections reward innovation, and have been key to the rapid development of COVID vaccines, as well as more specific objections to: “scope of the waiver, including products, and the specific intellectual property elements, considered, and the duration. And the protection of undisclosed information.” 

In its current formulation, the waiver be for an initial period of three years, subject to further review. It would remove not only the existing WTO TRIPS patent protections on COVID health products, but also protections on copyright, trade secrets and other types of IP.   

“Now, I don’t want to oversell this, but the tone was really quite different…” Rockwell said. “I think there is certainly an understanding of how important his issue is, and how short time is for us to be able to come to an agreement.”

Rockwell also stressed that in addition to the highly legalistic negotiations over the IP waiver initiative, New Zealand’s WTO Ambassador, David Walker, is leading a parallel process on so-called “non-TRIPS” interventions that the WTO could take. 

This process, launched in June by General Council Chair Dacio Castillo, of Honduras, puts Walker in charge of finding a “multilateral and horizontal response to the COVID-19 pandemic.”

Walker, a former General Council chair himself, has been leading  discussions among members on how other WTO responses, could help facilitate trade in COVID health products and remove export restrictions which slow the international movement of vital goods. 

The process, which is “complimentary” to the TRIPS negotiations, could lead to an outcome document at MC12, Rockwell said, with both “broad political messages” as well as proposal for concrete decisions on WTO rules or regulations that could that includes both political declarations as well as proposals for concrete WTO decisions – to relieve export restrictions; foster greater regulatory coherence; and increase cooperation on issues such as tariffs that may impede access to essential medical products. 

“He [Walker] said that with respect to export restrictions, a large number of members had attached a very high priority to this; they said it’s been disruptive, these export restrictions, to global value chains and have made it difficult to ramp up productions,” Rockwell stated. 

Further work to unlock such bottlenecks could also be part of a “post-MC 12 Work Program, on trade facilitation, regulatory coherence and tariffs.” 

Image Credits: Shutterstock.

Moderna’s clinical development manufacturing facility in the US.

Moderna should work through the Partnership for African Vaccine Manufacturing (PAVM) if it wants to invest in vaccine production on the continent, according to the head of the Africa Centers for Disease Control (CDC).

The company announced on Thursday that it plans to invest $500-million in a “state-of-the-art mRNA facility” in Africa that can produce up to 500 million doses of vaccines each year.

Moderna says that wants the new facility to include drug substance manufacturing, fill and finish and packaging capabilities, but it has neither chosen a country nor committed to a timeline.

Africa CDC Executive Director Dr John Nkengasong said while the announcement was “very much welcome”, he had not seen the company’s media release or been informed about Moderna’s plans. 

Urging the manufacturer to work “very closely” with his organisation, Nkengasong added that the Africa CDC did not “tell manufacturers where to go to produce their vaccines”, but could help to facilitate their plans.

“We have a Partnership for African Vaccine Manufacturing (PAVM), which has a political backing, and our wish and hope is that Moderna works with that group, which looks at vaccine manufacturing in Africa from an ecosystem perspective, from the whole of Africa approach,” Nkengasong told a media briefing on Thursday.

“About 10 countries in Africa have expressed an interest in vaccine manufacturing. We can actually bring them all together and put Moderna at the centre of that to discuss and ask all the questions that will really speak to the need to be transparent, and also to be cooperative and coordinate our efforts,” said Nkengasong.

He stressed that Moderna’s plan would offer relief in the middle- to long-term, but it would not solve Africa’s pressing issues related to COVID-19. These he listed as “quick access to vaccines, redistribution of vaccines, and making sure that certain licences are provided so that manufacturing can start”.

Less than 5% of Africans have been vaccinated against COVID-19, and the continent has been desperately trying to buy vaccines via the African Vaccine Acquisition Trust (AVAT) in the face of massive inequity in access to vaccines.

‘Only the beginning’

Announcing its plans, Stephane Bancel, Moderna’s Chief Executive Officer, said that the company viewed its COVID-19 work as “only just beginning”.

“We are determined to extend Moderna’s societal impact through the investment in a state-of-the-art mRNA manufacturing facility in Africa,” said Bancel.

“While we are still working to increase capacity in our current network to deliver vaccines for the ongoing pandemic in 2022, we believe it is important to invest in the future. We expect to manufacture our COVID-19 vaccine as well as additional products within our mRNA vaccine portfolio at this facility.”

However, there is speculation that part of Moderna’s motivation for making the announcement is because it is under pressure to increase production from the US government, which has invested over $8-billion in its vaccine, according to a report in Politico. 

Some of Moderna’s clients (extract from COVID-19 Vaccine Market Dashboard).

US President Joe Biden has pledged to donate a billion vaccines to low and middle-income countries in a bid to end the COVID-19 pandemic by the end of 2022, and US government officials have reportedly had tense exchanges with Moderna officials about it not scaling up production.

Moderna is also under pressure from health activists as it has almost exclusively supplied high- and middle-income countries with its vaccines via bilateral agreements. According to the COVID-19 vaccines market dashboard compiled by UNICEF, Botswana is the only African country that Moderna has supplied with COVID-19 vaccines.

However, it has undertaken to supply 35 million doses to COVAX in May.

Moderna had not responded to questions by the time of publication.

 

Image Credits: Moderna.

Cuba is seeking WHO approval for its COVID-19 vaccines.

Jamaica, Nicaragua, and Haiti were the only three member countries of the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) that failed to meet the World Health Organization (WHO) target of vaccinating 10% of their populations against COVID-19 by the end of September.

Around 37% of people in Latin America and the Caribbean have been fully vaccinated against COVID-19, while seven countries in the Americas have vaccinated more than 70% of their populations, according to PAHO.

While COVID-19 cases are down in the Americas, some local trends across the region remain worrisome, PAHO officials said during a press briefing Wednesday.

The Americas reported a 12% decrease in weekly new cases, according to the newest WHO Weekly Epidemiological Update on COVID-19. 

Worrying local trends

However, local trends paint a different story. Many Southwestern Canadian provinces and the US state of Alaska are reporting their highest hospitalization rates and ICU peaks, with emergency rooms in Alaska overwhelmed with COVID-19.

Chile is also seeing a rise in new cases, especially in urban regions, such as the metropolitan region of Santiago, and in port cities such as Coquimbo and Antofagasta. 

While cases continue to decrease in Central America, Costa Rica and Belize continue to see high rates of hospitalization and ICU peaks. 

In response, PAHO urged governments to remain vigilant on monitoring local COVID-19 trends in their areas.  

“We are reminding governments to keep a close eye on local trends because infection dynamics vary within each country, in part due to differences in vaccine availability and uptake. This small localized approach will be key to keep outbreaks under control,” PAHO Director Carissa Etienne implored.

Vaccine shortages

Although 875,000 vaccine doses have arrived in the region, this is not enough to protect everyone, said Etienne.

“We continue to urge countries with surplus doses to share them with countries in our region, where they can have life-saving impact.” 

PAHO continues to deliver COVAX-funded doses and donations, having already closed agreements with three emergency use listing authorized vaccines – Sinovac, Sinopharm, and AstraZeneca.

Nicaragua has recently announced that the country will receive 7 million doses of Cuban vaccines Abdala, Soberana, and Soberana 2 over the next 3 months.

Cuba had released information back in June regarding the vaccines – its three-dose Abdala vaccine was 92% effective, and its Soberana 2 vaccine is 91% effective when combined with a booster vaccine called Soberana Plus. 

The island’s national regulatory agency approved the Abdala vaccine in July and the Soberana 2 vaccine in August. 

Cuba is currently trying to seek WHO approval for its two home-grown vaccines, which would facilitate their delivery in other countries.  PAHO is supporting Cuba’s participation in the vaccine qualification process.

“Our interest is that all vaccines are able to participate in the WHO process for granting emergency use authorization because this will broaden the supply of vaccines that we are able to purchase through the Revolving Fund,” said PAHO’s Assistant Director Jarbas Barbosa.

For now, PAHO is working with the Nicaraguan government to increase its vaccine access – the country is receiving 223,000 doses from Pfizer starting next week, and an additional 81,900 vaccines from Pfizer are to be received over the rest of the month. 

Nicaragua is receiving other vaccines through COVAX, as well as vaccine donations from Spain. 

 

Image Credits: News Prensa Latina/Twitter.

The African Medicines Agency’s framework would help combat falsified products

Africans are a step closer to speedier access to newer, safer medicines following this week’s notification by 15 African Union (AU) member countries that they have formally ratified and deposited their accord to create a new African Medicines Agency (AMA).

Although the AU adopted the treaty to set up the AMA back in February 2019, 15 African countries had to formally notify the AU Commission that they had ratified the treaty before the agency could be set up.

On Tuesday, Cameroon became the 15th country to deposit its ratification instrument – finally pushing the AMA over the threshold into reality. According to the Treaty, the AMA will now come into force in 30 days time – on 5 November.  

The AMA aims to support African countries to better regulate medical products and harmonise the regulation of medicines across the continent. It will also test samples of medicines from time to time to eliminate fakes that plague the continent.

The 14 other countries to have both ratified the AMA and “deposited the instrument of ratification” at the AU (a letter from the head of state informing it of ratification) are Algeria, Benin, Burkina Faso, Gabon, Guinea, Mali, Mauritius, Namibia, Niger, Rwanda, Seychelles, Sierra Leone and Zimbabwe.

A further three countries have ratified the treaty but not formally informed the AU, while eight more have signed the treaty but not yet ratified it.

This means 36 of Africa’s 55 countries – predominantly Francophone countries – have expressed support for the AMA.

However, African powerhouses Ethiopia, Nigeria and South Africa have not yet expressed their support for the AMA.

The COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted the need for countries to speedily assess medicines and vaccines, a capacity that a number of African countries lack.

The African Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) has played a central role in co-ordinating the health response to the pandemic on the continent, and highlighted the value of a continental player during a health crisis.

Greg Perry, Assistant Director-General of the International Federation of Pharmaceutical Manufacturers and Associations (IFPMA), welcomed the AMA’s ratification, describing it as taking “one step closer to achieving a continent-wide regulatory agency”.

“We look forward to the full implementation of the AMA,, which will be a game-changer for all Africans to access safe, effective and quality medical products in a timely manner,” said Perry.

Pharmaceutical companies have long complained about how complicated it is to get medicines approved in Africa and how long it takes particularly in comparison to Europe, which processes applications via a  central European Medicines Agency (EMA).

Perry added that for the agency to become fully operational, it was important for the AU to define the appropriate funding model and engage with the African Medicines Regulatory Harmonisation initiative “which has already set strong governance structures and pan-African guidance in place for the approval of COVID-19 treatments and vaccines”.

Reduce barriers to African market entry

Andy Gray, senior lecturer in pharmacology at the University of KwaZulu-Natal, said that AMA’s greatest potential lies “in the field of harmonisation of regulatory systems, which should reduce the barriers to market entry in Africa”. 

“The AMA is not intended to be a supranational regulator, and will not make decisions in the way the EMA does, but it could help in bringing national medicines regulatory authorities together, simplifying systems and reducing redundancy,” explained Gray.

“It can also make a major difference by promoting transparency of regulatory action across the continent, and showing how that can drive reliance models of regulation.”

Gray added that the AMA could learn lessons from the Africa CDC by providing “visible and credible leadership”, ensuring “practical outputs, not just talk” and ensure it had recognition in appropriate global forums.

Earlier this year, Michel Sidibé, the former Executive Director of UNAIDS and Mali’s Minister of Health, was appointed as the AU’s Special Envoy for the AMA. He has been leading efforts to ensure that countries ratify the agency, and could be in the running to head it.

Announcing Cameroon’s ratification of the AMA on Twitter this week, Sidibé described the agency as a “game-changer for our continent”.

 

 

 

 

 

Image Credits: United States Army , Marco Verch/Flickr.

UNFPA Executive Director Dr Natalia Kanem

Nineteen countries have been prioritised for support to implement new global targets aimed at preventing maternal and newborn deaths.

This emerged at the launch on Tuesday of the new targets, which were developed by the World Health Organization (WHO), UN Population Fund (UNFPA) and their partners in the Ending Preventable Maternal Mortality (EPMM) initiative.

UNFPA Executive Director Dr Natalia Kanem said that while the global community had committed to reducing the global maternal mortality rates to 70 deaths per 100,000 live births by 2030 as part of the sustainable development goals (SDG), it was not moving fast enough. 

“If the current pace prevails, we will not reach this goal before 2065,” said Kanem. “This is a wake-up call for us to urgently scale up and accelerate our efforts with less than 10 years to go.”

Fourteen of the chosen countries are in Africa and include Chad, which has one of the highest maternal mortality rates in the world, as well as Nigeria and Ethiopia.

The five non-African countries are Afghanistan, Pakistan, Mexico, Nepal and Laos. 

The 19 priority countries identified for action against maternal mortality.

The 19 countries will get support to implement and monitor the targets, according to the UN agency officials. There are five targets:

  • 90% pregnant women to attend four or more antenatal care visits (towards increasing to eight visits by 2030);
  • 90% of births to be attended by skilled health personnel;
  • 80% of women who have just given birth to access postnatal care within two days of delivery;
  • 60% of the population to have access to emergency obstetric care within two hours of travel time;
  • 65% of women to be able to make informed and empowered decisions regarding sexual relations, contraceptive use, and their reproductive health.

Country selection involved a number of factors including a high burden of maternal deaths and stillbirths, the strength of country midwifery and whether there were partners to support the ministries of health, according to World Health Organization’s (WHO)  Dr Anshu Banerjee, Director for Maternal, Child and Adolescent Health and Ageing.

Preventable deaths

Addressing the launch, WHO Director-General Dr Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus said that around 295,000 women died each year due to complications of pregnancy and childbirth, and there were two million stillbirths and 2.4 million newborn deaths annually.

“Most of these deaths are in low and middle-income countries,” said Tedros.

“Most of these [deaths] could have been prevented with quality pre- and post-natal care and birthing assistance from competent maternal and newborn health professionals,” said Tedros.

“The COVID 19 pandemic has badly disrupted essential health services around the world, including for maternal and newborn care. WHO is supporting countries to resume these services regardless of a woman’s COVID-19 status,” he added.

In 2017, the global maternal mortality ratio was around 211 maternal deaths per 100,000 live births, which was a 38% reduction compared to 2000 – a reduction of around 2,9% per year.

“Universal health coverage, including universal access to sexual and reproductive health care, will be key to providing equitable access to quality maternal health services,” said Kanem. 

Kanem said that her agency, the WHO and partners are “committed to helping countries achieve coverage targets by implementing action-oriented plans, and by tracking progress at the national and sub-national levels”.

She stressed that the targets “also incorporate key determinants of maternal health, including a woman’s ability to make decisions about her own sexual and reproductive health”. 

The SDG 3.1 sets out that by 2030, the global maternal mortality ratio (MMR) should be reduced to less than 70 per 100,000 live births, and no country should have an MMR more than 140 per 100,000 live births.

“The latest estimates are 211 per 100,000 live births – but increasing to 415 on average in the poorest countries,” according to the WHO.