Numerous health challenges face the SEARO region, particularly in regard to women’s health.

Election fever is sweeping through the World Health Organization (WHO) in three of its six regions – Eastern Mediterranean (EMRO), South-East Asia (SEARO), and Western Pacific (WPRO). It matters who becomes their regional directors because they have considerable decentralised authority to influence the health chances of billions.

Its regions also make or break WHO globally.  Close squeaks, as with Ebola and COVID-19, show that a divided WHO can be catastrophic. Conversely, a united WHO is a vital defence against borderless health threats yet to come.

Take SEARO – the focus of this article, after we earlier considered EMRO. The South-East Asia Region is special in WHO annals as it is the first regional office that opened – in 1948 in New Delhi where it is still based.

SEARO’s 11 members are home to two billion people – a quarter of humanity. They range from mighty India (1.4 billion) to the tiny Maldives (0.5 million), with Indonesia, Bangladesh, Thailand, Myanmar, Nepal, the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea (DPRK), Sri Lanka, Timor-Leste, and Bhutan in between.

Remarkable progress

WHO was a household name during my childhood.  I got my immunisations at its centres and treasured the stickers I received as a reward.  We did not know what the WHO acronym meant but felt its goodness.

Global health’s biggest battles were waged in SEARO with notable successes including the eradication of smallpox, wild poliovirus, and maternal and neonatal tetanus. Several countries have vanquished other conditions: Nepal eradicated trachoma, Maldives eliminated lymphatic filariasis while yaws went from India, rubella from Timor-Leste, measles from Bhutan, and malaria from Sri Lanka. 

The region’s people live better with all countries approaching and four exceeding global healthy life expectancy (63.7 years). World Health Statistics indicate that SEARO has posted the fastest decline (57%) in maternal mortality ratio since the millennium and reduced its under-five mortality by 78%. New HIV infections have declined by 50%.

That is not all. The region has hot-housed crucial service innovations such as community health workers and financing, essential drug kits, integration of traditional healthcare systems,  malnutrition management, reproductive health outreach, small-scale water and sanitation technologies, and mass health education, among many examples.

To be accurate – these advances did not come from WHO but from increasing prosperity. All  SEARO countries except DPRK are now middle-income with Thailand and Indonesia in the upper-middle-income category. 

There are also hordes of well-qualified professionals, passionate health advocates and civil society groups in the region. WHO wisely partnered with them to build significant national capacities. That is how WHO accompanied South-East Asia’s post-decolonisation to help countries stand on their feet. It also eased the birth pains of newer nations emerging from bloody civil wars: Bangladesh and Timor-Leste.

Where next for SEARO? 

With increased geopolitical interest in health, WHO punches above its weight more than other technical  agencies as seen by its participation in political fora such as the G20 whose latest summit was in India.  Where does SEARO go next?  

It has plenty of unfinished business. COVID-19 was a reality check causing six million indirect excess deaths – the largest among all regions.  Service disruptions meant that immunisation rates dipped, and tuberculosis treatment declined. SEARO will catch up but remains ill-prepared for the next pandemic with a low 68% score for self-reported International Health Regulations capacities.  

Women’s health struggles with 47% anaemia prevalence, the world’s highest. Child stunting rates of 30% with its most severe ‘wasting’ form contribute an embarrassing eight million of the 13 million children afflicted worldwide.  Water and sanitation coverage lags dismally, contributing 40% of preventable global deaths. With urbanisation edging 40-50% across SEARO, record levels of particulate air pollution and road crashes take years off lifespans.

 Storm clouds on the horizon include rapidly increasing anti-microbial resistance. That is on top of climate change causing changes in vector and pathogen behaviours, risking the re-emergence of defeated conditions or increased virulence of familiar infections.  Meanwhile, richer lifestyles fuel non communicable diseases risks such as rising blood pressures and obesity across the region.

How will SEARO health systems respond? A prospering but grossly unequal region is pushing 100 million into catastrophic poverty through the world’s highest out-of-pocket healthcare costs. Ironically, the region is a mecca for medical tourism – valued at S$7.5 billion in India alone and projected to rise to $42 billion this decade.

 SEARO’s fast-digitising population has high expectations that won’t be satisfied by community health workers. They expect hospital-centered technology-dependent specialist attention.  However, SEARO is short of around seven million health workers with only DPRK and Maldives above the WHO threshold of 44.5 per 10, 000 population. That is not for lack of training. India has the most medical schools in the world and exports thousands of doctors and allied personnel to OECD and Gulf countries.

Contradictory trends mean that SEARO’s Universal Health Coverage (UHC) index has crawled to a disappointing 61 (on a 100-point scale). There is no chance of reaching the SDG target of 80 by 2030 by following WHO’s standard prescription. Where are the new ideas?

Expectations from the new regional director

In short, SEARO has already plucked the low-hanging fruit, and residual and new challenges are not amenable to quick fixes.  What is to be expected from the new SEARO regional director elected on 30 October – 2 November by 10 voting states (Myanmar’s military regime is disenfranchised under UN sanctions)?

The new leader must be humble to understand that whereas WHO was once indispensable to advancing health in the SEARO region, that is no longer the case. As ever-stronger nations grip their own destinies, and their populations’ health is dictated by externalities that only they can manage, SEARO (and wider WHO) must recalibrate its role.

The region has a cornucopia of strategies, frameworks, goals and targets bestowed by global and regional governance bodies or special interest lobbies. The incoming regional director needs political courage and clarity of purpose to cut through them to define the few essential works that SEARO is best placed to do.

Change at the regional level means more than moving into its smart new premises, a $30 million gift from the Indian government. It requires re-setting the bloated Delhi regional office with its wasteful, initiative-sapping rituals and regulations that have left staff at their lowest morale. A more collegiate leadership style and greater diversity of appointments from around Southeast Asia should reduce a stultifying atmosphere more reminiscent of the British Indian Raj than modern corporate management.

 A murky election

Who can do this? Astonishingly, Southeast Asia’s vast reservoir of talent has turned up only two candidates (compared to six in EMRO and five in WPRO elections). The SEARO contenders are from Bangladesh and Nepal.

 Bangladesh’s nominee, Saima Wazed, also holds Canadian citizenship. She has a Master’s degree in psychology and specialises in autism. Her passion for this neglected aspect of mental health is admirable. Her pitch emphasises the continuity of SEARO flagship programmes while promoting partnerships and inclusion of marginalised groups.

Unfortunately, her own capability statement does not reveal the “strong technical and public health background and extensive experience in global health”, required by the official criteria for the role. Or the mandatory substantive track record in public health leadership and significant competencies in organisational management. 

Her rival is Nepal’s Dr Shambhu Prasad Acharya with a public health doctorate and Masters qualifications in business administration and sociology. He has 30 years of substantive leadership and management experience at WHO headquarters, SEARO, and at country-level organising practical programmes in many places. 

Born in a rural farming community, he appears committed to diversity and sensitive to social disadvantage concerns. His future vision seeks population well-being, accelerated Universal Health Coverage, strengthened future pandemic and emergency preparedness, innovating  to bridge inequities, and championing an inter-connected WHO.

It is banal to say that the best candidate should get the job in a fair competition. But the SEARO election is no ordinary process.  Wazed is the daughter of the Bangladesh Prime Minister. Of course, that should not he held against her as even the offspring of a privileged public figure has the right to make their own career.

But being introduced by her mother at recent high-level summits such as BRICS, ASEAN, G20 and the UN General Assembly to craft deals in exchange for votes may be seen as crossing the fine line between a government’s legitimate lobbying for its candidate and craven nepotism.

Earlier, intense political pressure from Bangladesh appears to have dissuaded good competitors from within Bangladesh and other countries. Nepal is now under intensified pressure to withdraw its nominee and allow Wazed to be anointed unopposed.

The waters are further muddied by a complaint to WHO legal authorities alleging that  Wazed may have faked her academic credentials and lacks the constitutionally required qualifications and experience. The requested investigation cites the dismissal of the previous Western Pacific Regional Director as an example of the Organization’s ‘zero tolerance’ policy towards lack of integrity.  But it is unlikely that Geneva will wade in and future investigations – if any – will be long after the event.

Such shenanigans in SEARO plumb a new low in multilateral ethics and standards.  They undermine the WHO when we need global health cooperation more than ever.  Whether raw politics or principled professionalism will decide the election of the next regional director remains to be seen while, regrettably, the health of Southeast Asians is just an afterthought.

Mukesh Kapila is a physician and public health specialist who has worked in 120 countries, including as a former United Nations (UN) Resident and Humanitarian Coordinator in Sudan and a UN Special Adviser in Afghanistan.

 

 

 

 

Image Credits: UN Photo/Kibae Park/Flickr, Yogendra Singh/ Unsplash.

Sealed windows and an aging HVAC system in a Stockholm apartment building – a combination that experts now say can lead to health risks from indoor air pollution.

Nearly seven million people die prematurely each year because of ambient and household air pollution, according to the World Health Organization (WHO). Moreover, studies have shown a direct correlation between classroom air quality and children’s performance in school. Finally, according to WHO, household air pollution exposure contributes to non-communicable diseases, including increased risk of illness and death from stroke, ischaemic heart disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and lung cancer.

However, most of WHO’s work on indoor air pollution has been focused on dirty wood, coal and biomass stove use in developing countries. Less studied are the health risks associated with poor ventilation in modern buildings – ranging from virus transmission to high CO2 levels and the outgassing of chemicals like formaldehyde from building materials and furnishings.

With these challenges in mind, the WHO’s European Region, the Swiss government and the Geneva Health Forum are partnering on a first-ever Indoor Air Conference on September 20 in Bern, Switzerland. The day-long event will bring together diverse experts to discuss indoor air pollution, why it needs monitoring, and how to improve indoor air in older buildings.

COVID triggered a re-evaluation of indoor air pollution risks

Ventilation tips for reducing virus transmission risks, issued by the US Centers for Disease Control during the COVID pandemic.

“We spend around 80% or 90% of our time indoors, so what we are exposed to there has an impact,” said Catherine Noakes, of lifestyle patterns in urban settings of developed countries.  A professor of Environmental Engineering for Buildings at the University of Leeds, she will moderate the event.

The COVID-19 pandemic underscored the significance of proper ventilation in reducing the spread of viruses that cause respiratory illnesses; higher exchange rates reduced indoor virus transmission, WHO documented in a milestone set of guidelines for schools, homes and offices, issued  during the pandemic.

Chemical pollutants indoors getting more attention

Particleboard often contains formaldehyde, a known carcinogen.

But the risks are not limited to infectious diseases. In the absence of proper ventilation, even cooking on a modern gas stove can lead to excessive exposures of fine particulates and oxides of nitrogen (NOx), which have been linked to childhood asthma. Indoor dampness and mold also are associated with increased risks of asthma, chronic respiratory illnesses and allergic reactions, according to WHO.

Chronic exposure to toxic cleaning products and carcinogenic chemicals such as formaldehyde used in particleboard, glues and resins of many modern furniture and building materials can lead to increased risks of chronic health conditions over time.

CO2 and cognitive performance

A number of recent studies, including one published by a team of Harvard researchers, has documented how higher levels of CO2 indoors are associated with reduced cognitive performance. The team compared the performance of student volunteers engaged in a game simulation, in settings with indoor CO2 levels of 600 1000 and 2,500 parts per million (ppm). Outdoor levels typically range from 300-400 ppm although they can rise as high as 900 ppm in cities.  The researchers found a slight drop in mental performance at CO2 concentrations of 1,000 ppm, and a significantly larger decline at 2500 ppm.

Finally, in heavily polluted cities, outdoor air pollution can seep into buildings and cause harm – from allergies to respiratory conditions or, as WHO documented, even death.

CO2 monitor measures indoor levels of carbon dioxide; high levels have recently been associated with reduced cognitive performance.

‘No magic bullet’

Unfortunately, there “is no single magic bullet” that can solve the indoor air pollution crisis, Noakes said. However, there are several recommendations – many of them inexpensive and applicable in the Global North and South.

“There are lots of different strategies,” Noakes said. “You don’t need an expensive ventilation system in every building.”

First, the best way to remove pollutants is to provide fresh air. Ventilation needs to be integrated into the design of a building – whether that includes windows that open or a sophisticated system of mechanical ventilation and air purification. In highly polluted cities, indoor air purification systems are increasingly a part of the equation, removing harmful particulates from, breaking down volatile organic compounds and neutralizing bad smells inside homes and office facilities.

According to Noakes, part of the solution is also building awareness so that people can catch pollution before it causes lasting harm.

A study by the Royal Academy of Engineering showed that improving ventilation could reduce long-range aerosol transmission of diseases by about 50%. Improving ventilation and ensuring good air quality could also enhance productivity by around 1-4%.

Climate change vs. indoor air pollution

Modern offices may be airtight and thus energy efficient – but also lack adequate indoor air exchanges and healthy ventilation.

There is, however, a tension today between trying to save energy and reduce the impact on climate change and the environment by improving insulation and air tightness of a home or office and ensuring its proper ventilation, explained Noakes. While very well insulated homes and office buildings reduce greenhouse gas emissions, it also means the spaces cannot “breathe.”  Without advanced mechanical ventilation systems and proper air filtration, harmful chemicals, viruses and CO2 may all build up.

“On the one hand, the more we move to reduce fossil fuels, take gas, oil and solid fuels for heating and cooking out of the home, that is a good thing,” Noakes said. “On the other hand, some actions around net zero are potentially making indoor environments worse by sealing pollutants in buildings.”

‘We should be breathing good quality air’

Noakes said she hoped this event would spark discussion around the topic and bring about new solutions.

“If you go back 100 or 150 years, we had the same discussions around clean water, and now it is just accepted that everyone should have clean water. It should be the same thing with air,” Noakes said.

She acknowledged that there are costs associated with improving air quality, and those need to be considered in the equation. But ultimately there is no downside to having clean air.

“We all breathe continuously,” she concluded. “We should be breathing good quality air.”

For more information or to register for the First WHO/Europe Indoor Air​ Conference, click here.

Image Credits: Pelle Sten/Flickr, US Centers for Disease Control, DMW/Flickr, Geneva Health Forum , Rachel Lovinger/Flickr.

The European Parliament’s ambitious air quality targets set the stage for the European battle on air pollution.

European air quality activists have won a key victory in the European Parliament, which approved tough new air pollution rules that would require countries to meet stricter WHO air quality guidelines by 2035, and allow EU citizens to sue for financial compensation for air pollution-related health damage.  But the draft legislation still faces an uphill battle for approval in the European Commission and European Council for it to become law.  

An air of uncertainty loomed over the European Parliament in Strasbourg on Wednesday as lawmakers prepared to vote on new air pollution rules that would set the bar for the European Union’s ambitions to tackle the unsafe air that 98% of its citizens breathe

The vote was seen by many as the latest test of the European Parliament’s commitment to the Green Deal, the EU’s flagship package of policies to fight climate change. 

Echoes of the highly politicized vote on biodiversity restoration in July, which passed by a razor-thin margin after an all-out push by right-wing parties to shoot it down, hung over Commission President Ursula von der Leyen’s State of the Union address before voting began.

“We are facing, with air pollution, a slow-motion pandemic,” Javi López, the centre-left Spanish MEP in charge of negotiating the Parliament’s position, said ahead of the vote. “The administration should fight against air pollution like we were fighting against the pandemic.” 

But the parliamentary vote, advertised as a down-to-the-wire affair, wasn’t even close. The final tally – 363 votes in favour, 226 against and 46 abstentions – was a welcome relief for environmental groups, who had feared that a campaign by the same right-wing coalition that joined forces to take down the biodiversity law would succeed the second time around. 

Key victories in voting marathon

A 40-minute voting marathon on over 130 pages of amendments notched up several key victories for air quality advocates, who had sought to strengthen the Parliament’s position on Europe’s largest environmental health threat

Significantly, an amendment by political conservatives that would have stripped EU citizens of their right to seek financial compensation from companies and governments for health damages caused by unlawful levels of air pollution was defeated.

“It should be a relic of the past that polluting industries continue their delay game to reap profit while tax-payers pay the health costs,” Dr Ebba Malmqvist, professor of environmental health at the University of Lund, said after the vote. 

New provisions were added to address the training and education of healthcare professionals, health inequalities caused by healthcare costs associated with air pollution, and stricter rules for air quality monitoring systems.

Alignment with WHO guideline levels pushed to 2035

Most fundamentally, a provision aligning member states to World Health Organization’s (WHO) air quality guidelines, which are much stricter than EU standards currently in force, passed comfortably, albeit with a five-year delay to 2035 to appease some centrist members of parliament.

Current EU rules, for instance, permit annual average concentrations of PM2.5 to be as high as 25 micrograms/cubic meters of air.  Adherence to WHO guidelines would reduce these concentrations fivefold, to just 5 micrograms per cubic meter of air.

Although Europe can boast some of the best air quality in the world, air pollution still causes nearly 300,000 premature deaths each year.

Despite improvements in air quality across the European Union since 2005, air pollution remains the largest single environmental health risk for its citizens, causing an estimated 287,000 premature deaths annually.

Almost the entire global population breathes polluted air which can cause premature death, heart disease, stroke, lung cancer, and respiratory diseases, according to the WHO. Air pollution is a silent killer, cutting short nearly 7 million lives globally every year.

“Anything less than alignment with the WHO would not have been acceptable from a health point of view,” said Dr Cale Lawlor, senior policy manager for global public health at the European Public Health Alliance. “To know the science and not act to protect health is not acceptable.” 

Another blow to the crusade against the Green Deal 

Air pollution
Air pollution is the 10th leading cause of death in the European Union.

This vote over the air pollution legislation effectively meant another battle lost by the European People’s Party (EPP), the largest party in the European Parliament and political home of Commission President Ursula von der Leyen, which has sought to derail the 2020 European Green Deal, the centrepiece of her legislative legacy.

A campaign by the EPP and far-right allies such as Spain’s populist Vox party to  portray the air pollution law as a car ban – which it is not – failed to gain traction. Provisions in the draft law compelling municipal authorities to consider proven air quality measures such as low-emission zones, speed limits, and low-traffic neighbourhoods passed easily. 

“There’s clearly a strategy to demonise these measures and the way the directive works,” said Zachary Azdad, a policy officer at the advocacy NGO Transport & Environment, who followed the Parliament negotiations. “It’s reassuring to see that this didn’t take and that decisions were made from a more rational point of view.” 

Long and difficult battle through the EU legislative labyrinth

The ambitious targets established in the Parliament’s vote on new air pollution rules set the stage for what will be a long and difficult battle through the EU’s legislative labyrinth. To get over the line and become law, the new legislation must also win the approval of the European Commission and the European Council. 

Environmental groups were not happy with the Parliament’s compromise agreement Wednesday to postpone the deadline for meeting WHO’s air quality guidelines from 2030 to 2035, calling it a “lifeline for dirty cars”. But that target date is nearly certain to be the most ambitious to come out of the EU’s three legislative institutions. 

The European Commission, the EU governing body, had earlier proposed that WHO air quality guidelines only come into force in 2050. The EU Council, comprising the governments of all 27 member states, is widely expected to water down the ambitions set by the Parliament, as it has done with nearly all environmental legislation. The Council is expected to publish its position on the revised air quality rules in December. 

The publication of the EU Council’s position will mark the beginning of inter-institutional negotiations to finalise the law. Negotiations between the three branches of the European Union’s legislature take place behind closed doors, making the process more difficult for civil society to follow and influence. 

“That’s why the Parliament vote was so important,” said Azdad. “We really wanted Parliament to send the signal to the other institutions that the people elected by European citizens want clean air.” 

In April 2024, the Spanish presidency of the European Council ends, and the position rotates to another EU government, setting a tight timeline for lawmakers to finalise the first update to Europe’s air quality directives since 2008. A rightward shift in the balance of power in the Parliament could derail negotiations altogether if the deadline is not met. 

“There’s a risk of the whole file being forgotten after the European elections,” said Azdad. “That’s why we absolutely want it to be adopted before.” 

Image Credits: CC, IQ Air , Mariordo.

A doctor examines a child at a refugee camp in northwestern Syria in April 2021.  At next week’s UN High Level Meeting on Universal Health Coverage, member states will consider how to get back on track after the huge setbacks to services during the COVID pandemic.

NEW YORK CITY – There has been little progress in expanding universal health service coverage (UHC) since the last UN High Level Meeting (HLM) meeting on the issue in 2019, and trends in financial protection are even worsening, with catastrophic out-of-pocket spending increasing when compared to 2015. 

The final draft of the political declaration for next week’s UN HLM on Universal Health Coverage on 21 September provides a painful autopsy of UHC’s massive failures to date – with detailed data going beyond the usual political rhetoric.  

It also charts an ambitious course for reducing current trends with a number of clear, albeit aspirational, commitments. 

These include a commitment to ensure that an additional 523 million people get access to quality, essential health services by 2025 to belatedly reach the 2019 goal of reaching one billion more people with UHC, a goal that was supposed to have been met by the end of this year. 

Expensive treatments for accidents or chronic diseases can impoverish families already living marginally.

The declaration also commits to “reverse the trend of rising catastrophic out-of-pocket health expenditure” by 2030. 

It also pledges to “accelerate action to address the global shortfall of health workers” along with addressing the causes of health worker migration and dropout, which are increasingly serious problems in poor as well as more affluent health systems. 

While such commitments are clearly aspirational, they are still more concrete than any language of the companion declaration on Pandemic Prevention, Preparedness and Response, which is due to be approved at a UNGA HLM on Wednesday, 20 September.

A third declaration on tuberculosis (TB) will be considered at a HLM on Friday, 22 September – all contributing to an unprecedented focus on health at this year’s General Assembly. 

Building resilient health systems and coverage is a prerequisite for pandemic preparedness, said Bruce Aylward, WHO Assistant Director General for UHC, at a WHO press briefing on Thursday. 

Bruce Aylward, WHO Assistant Director General for Universal Health Coverage, at a WHO press briefing just ahead of the UN General Assembly´s three high-level meetings on UHC, pandemic preparedness and response, and tuberculosis.

“What they’re really putting the emphasis on is the fundamental need for universal health coverage to make us more resilient – as communities and societies, as countries – to threats such as pandemics going forward but as well as others,” Aylward said. “And they’ve really been focusing on three key things to achieve that,” he added. 

“Radically reorienting their health systems toward a primary health care approach, which really focuses on equity, getting everyone …right interventions in the right order, and in an efficient manner that includes the communities themselves. … that everyone has access to the basic package. 

“The second big emphasis is to fund the systems and also to protect people from catastrophic financial expenditures. 

“And the third thing [is] looking at how do we tackle this whole issue of ensuring we have the people on the ground that can do this work,” he said, referring to the health workforce.

Shortcomings in achieving WHO ‘triple billion’ targets

The world is only halfway to the WHO target for extending universal health coverage to another 1 billion people by 2023 (in comparison to 2018) .

In its unforgiving litany, the draft text bluntly describes the missed goals and targets of the last UN Political Declaration on UHC adopted in 2019.  Echoing WHO’s own “triple billion” targets laid out pre-pandemic, global leaders in 2019 had pledged to extend UHC to one billion more people between 2018 and 2023, as well as protecting one billion more people from health emergencies and ensuring that one billion people enjoy healthier lives and lifestyles.

All three goals are off course, and the world is less than midway towards the target for expanding UHC coverage, the text states: “There is a global shortfall of 523 million people in achieving the commitment made in the political declaration of 2019 to progressively provide one billion additional people by 2023 with quality essential health services and quality, safe, effective, affordable and essential medicines, vaccines, diagnostics and health technologies.” 

Limited service coverage – particularly for NCDs

A woman in Sierre Leone gets her blood pressure checked as part of a cutting-edge collaboration between the public and private sectors.

Service coverage for many of the world’s leading causes of death and disease continues to be limited, the draft text notes, citing over a dozen key risk factors from alcohol and drug abuse to environmental risks.

Many of these risk factors are linked to the large burden of deaths from noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) including cancer, cardiovascular and lung diseases and diabetes- responsible for some 74% of deaths worldwide. Some 86% of premature NCD deaths (before the age of 70) occur in low- and middle-income countries.

In comparison to the last 2019 HLM declaration on UHC, this year’s text makes an unprecedented leap towards broader recognition of the multiple dimensions of NCD risk and disease that must be addressed to really achieve UHC.

There are multiple references, for instance, to the health inequities experienced by people living with disabilities. With “many likely to die 20 years earlier than those without disabilities, and experience higher health costs and gaps in service availability, including for primary care, long-term care, assistive technologies and specialized services.”

Mental health disorders, which affect more than a billion people worldwide, get more than 20 references in the text, alongside more classic references to alcohol and substance abuse (three million deaths a year)  and tobacco use, responsible for 8.7 million deaths a year.

Article 19 of the declaration talks about the “2.2 billion people living with vision impairments, half with 90% of those with unaddressed vision impairment or blindness living in low-income countries”

Comprehensive approaches and integrated service delivery 

Meanwhile, Article 55, of the Declaration commits countries to more “comprehensive approaches and integrated service delivery” – which global health policy advocates have long stated is critical to more effective response. 

Such delivery can be more inclusive of diagnosis and treatment of a broader range of communicable and NCD conditions, including “cardiovascular diseases, cancer, chronic respiratory diseases, diabetes, mental health conditions and psychosocial disabilities, and neurological conditions, including dementia.”

The text also calls for more action on “eye health conditions, hearing loss, musculoskeletal conditions, oral health, and rare diseases” as well as road traffic injuries and drowning deaths.”

“I’m excited to see that NCDs are more comprehensively reflected in the political declaration of UHC,” Dr Bente Mikkelson, director of the WHO NCD department, told Health Policy Watch. “It is a sign that member states are finally recognizing that NCDs are an integral part of universal health coverage.

“But we need follow-through on firm commitments and investments,” she warned. 

Communicable disease threats: progress still far off track 

An infant TB patient at Brooklyn Chest Hospital in Cape Town, South Africa. Nearly half of the estimated 10 million new TB cases annually go undiagnosed.

The declaration also warns that progress remains far “off track” on the big communicable disease risks of HIV, TB and malaria, which dominated health policy goals and discussions in the first two decades of the millennium. 

“That includes an estimated 1.5 million new HIV infections in 2021; an estimated 1.6 million deaths from TB and a rise in the TB incidence rate by 3.6 per cent between 2020 and 2021; 247 million malaria cases globally, 1.65 billion people still requiring treatment and care for neglected tropical diseases; and 3 million new hepatitis infections and over 1.1 million deaths from hepatitis-related illnesses every year.” according to the declaration.

“Progress in reducing maternal mortality has also stalled, with almost 800 women and girls dying every day from preventable causes related to pregnancy and childbirth. 

“Five million children, almost half of which were newborns, died before reaching their fifth birthday in 2021, mostly due to preventable or treatable causes, with around 45 per cent linked to undernutrition.

 “Twenty-five million children under the age of 5 years missed out on routine immunization in 2021, a 5 per cent decline from 2019 and the largest sustained decline in childhood immunizations in approximately 30 years.”

Environment, antimicrobial resistance, occupational diseases and rehabilitation 

Drug-resistant microbes can fester and multiply in the sediment of polluted rivers and lakes, fostering antimicrobial resistance.

Environmental factors contribute to around 13 million deaths, with ambient and indoor air pollution causing at least seven million preventable deaths.

There are also nearly two billion people a year dying from occupational diseases and injuries; 1.27 million deaths from antimicrobial resistance. 

Finally, an estimated 2.4 billion people live with a health condition that may benefit from rehabilitation. And “rehabilitation needs are largely unmet globally and that in many countries more than 50 per cent of people do not receive the rehabilitation services they require,” the text recalls, another reference to a long-neglected issue common to both NCD and communicable disease recovery.

Gaps strike the old, young, poor and refugees 

People with disabilities are more likely to live in poverty and have reduced life expectancy.

With NCDs soaring, there’s a growing gap between life expectancy and healthy life expectancy for older people, the declaration states. 

But over 1.5 million adolescents and young adults aged 10-24 died in 2021 from injuries, drowning, interpersonal violence and self-harm, among other factors.  Meanwhile, women and girls of reproductive age continue to have inadequate access to quality reproductive health services. 

People with disabilities experience health inequities so severe that many are likely to die 20 years earlier than those without disabilities.   

Migrants, refugees and internally displaced people face high cost, language and legal barriers in accessing essential healthcare services, as do indigenous peoples and those who are poor. 

The “high prices of some health products, and inequitable access to such products within and among countries, as well as financial hardships associated with high prices of health products, continue to impede progress towards achieving universal health coverage,” the declaration notes.

Pandemic disruptions 

Patients seek out essential health services during COVID-19 pandemic in Jangamakote Village, India.

The COVID-19 pandemic severely affected the provision of essential health services in countries, with 92 % of countries reporting disruptions during the height of the pandemic resulting in millions of excess deaths globally and creating “new obstacles to the realization of all the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development.”

The pandemic also revealed sharp disparities in national, regional and global levels of preparedness and response with African countries, in particular, unable to obtain safe, effective and affordable vaccines and treatments for COVID-19. 

A study published in July in the BMJ highlights how most countries with higher levels of pandemic preparedness, as defined by ratings in a Global Health Security (GHS) index, also had comparatively lower COVID death rates – when adjusted for differences in the average age of countries’ populations. 

The GHS quantifies countries’ abilities to prevent, detect and report on emerging risks, with references to 37 indicators such as access to, and use of diagnostic tests. 

Water, sanitation, hygiene and electricity access in health services  

Electricity
Close to one billion people, or nearly one-eighth of the global population, do not have access to health facilities with reliable electricity.

The GHS report raises red flags about issues that have long been neglected, such as the lack of electricity access in health services which can impede access to many modern health technologies and treatments. 

Some “22% of health care facilities lack basic water services, half lack basic hand hygiene facilities at point of care and at toilets, and 10 per cent have no sanitation service, one in four facilities do not practice waste segregation, 

“Close to one billion people in low- and lower-middle income countries are served by health care facilities with unreliable or no electricity supply,” states the declaration, citing a milestone June 2023 joint report by WHO and UNICEF  on these critical but long-ignored aspects of health infrastructure. 

Financing and healthcare workforce 

Health workers in Lombardy, Italy, in early 2020 at the outset of the COVID pandemic, which exacerbated healthworker burnout and dropouts worldwide.

The dismal state of health care financing is not overlooked either. “On average, in low- and middle-income countries more than one third of national health expenditure is covered by out-of-pocket expenses, leading to high levels of financial hardship, and government spending accounts for less than 40% of funding for primary health care,” the declaration notes. 

Donor funding accounts for an outsized 30% of national health spending in low-income countries even though it comprises just 0.2 % of global health expenditure. 

Waste and corruption are other factors that deplete the scarce, available resources. 

And the finance shortages are felt most acutely in the healthcare workforce itself, with a global shortfall of more than 10 million health workers projected for 2030 – primarily in low- and middle-income countries.

Migration of health workers to more high-income countries or wealthier regions accelerated during the COVID-19 pandemic, with approximately 15 % of health and care workers now working outside of their country of origin. Meanwhile, women health workers are generally paid 24% less than men.  

Call to action – political leadership first of all 

The pharmacy at Zouan Health Centre, Cote d’Ivoire: access to quality medicines remains a huge challenge in many parts of Africa, South Asia and the Americas.

Along with the big aspirational commitments to more investments, a greater focus on primary health care, and the health workforce, the text reaffirms commitments to goals and targets for dozens of diseases and risk factors.  

More access to diagnostics, vaccines and medicines as well as stronger data systems and better inclusion of women, children, older people and vulnerable groups such as migrants, minorities and people in extreme poverty all get a nod.  

But what’s included in the declaration remains far less important than the framing moment it can offer at a UN General Assembly where health will have an unprecedented focus. Will the UHC declaration and the companion declarations on TB and PPPR, really kickstart more action by countries in the final years leading up to 2030? 

“There are super important deliberations coming up,” said Aylward. “But the most important thing to achieve in universal health coverage, frankly, is the political decision [to make it happen]. It’s a big political decision because of the big financial commitment and the big commitment in terms of human resources.

“And that’s why the solution will not be what happens next week at the UNGA, but it will be a critical piece of getting started on an accelerated path to solving the problem of ensuring everyone everywhere can have access to the services they need for their physical and mental health and social well being.”

Image Credits: International Rescue Committee, Roche, WHO , Medtronics, USAID, Southern Africa/Flickr, Balasaheb Pokharkar, Adam Howarth/Flickr, Flickr – Trinity Care Foundation, (Fabio Fadeli), ©EC/ECHO/Anouk Delafortrie.

WHA76
The World Health Organization has set a May 2024 deadline for negotiations on the Pandemic Accord, which are set to conclude at the 77th World Health Assembly n Geneva .

Lawrence O. Gostin is “confident” that countries will adopt a pandemic accord at the 2024 World Health Assembly. 

The question is whether it will include the kind of “robust norms” necessary to ensure that the new accord is “transformative” with respect to correcting disparities and injustices uncovered in the last pandemic, and effective in its enforcement of new norms. 

As the head of Georgetown’s WHO Collaborating Center in national and global health law, Gostin is playing a key behind-the-scenes role in negotiations.

Here is his take on what is at stake and what choices need to be made.

Health Policy Watch: What is a pandemic treaty? What does it entail?

Lawrence Gostin: The Pandemic Accord, currently in development, has the potential to be a landmark in global governance, akin to the Paris Agreement. Its impact will depend on its final content, mainly if it includes strong norms.

These norms should ensure equitable sharing of lifesaving resources, promote a “One Health” approach to prevent zoonotic diseases and establish robust compliance mechanisms. The Accord could transform global health law by emphasizing equity, a holistic health strategy, and effective enforcement.

HP-Watch: Based on your observations of the draft versions of the treaty, where are the opportunities for an “accord”?

Gostin: I’m confident governments will adopt a Pandemic Accord at the May 2024 World Health Assembly. However, I’m concerned it might lack the robust norms I mentioned. This could weaken its impact. Bold norms and strong accountability mechanisms could make it powerful, but high-income countries might hesitate to ratify it.

It could be diluted during negotiations, potentially failing to ensure equitable access to lifesaving resources or overlooking the “One Health” strategy. I urge all nations to seize this once-in-a-lifetime opportunity. Let’s make the world safer, more secure, and fairer. Failing to do so would be our own responsibility.

HP-Watch: There has also been a lot of “discord” during the pandemic accord negotiations. Which countries are contributing to these disagreements, and why?

Gostin: Failing now could postpone meaningful global health reforms for decades. The main hurdles lie in disagreements between high-income and low-income countries, particularly African nations and the US/Europe. Rich countries prioritize full access to scientific data for governments and scientists, like pathogen samples and genomic sequencing.

This data is crucial for understanding and responding to pathogens. However, lower-income countries view these samples and data as their only bargaining power for equitable resource sharing. They’re concerned about sharing scientific information used to develop vaccines and drugs but not getting access to these lifesaving resources in return.

The 76th World Health Assembly 76 in progress in May 2023.

HP-Watch:  What are the main stumbling blocks to a robust treaty?

Gostin: Key obstacles revolve around equity, funding, compliance, and accountability. Like climate change discussions, a significant factor in these debates is the principle of “common but differentiated responsibilities” (CBDR). CBDR, established as Principle 7 in the 1992 Rio Declaration, means that countries have distinct obligations based on their socioeconomic status and historical contributions to the issue, such as preventing pandemics.

While all nations must protect the environment, wealthier countries have greater responsibilities in compliance and funding. However, disagreement persists regarding the application of this principle to pandemic governance. Currently, the CBDR principle is only an “option” for varying implementation of the Accord.

HP-Watch: What are the gaps in the draft treaty? What are their origins, and what are some suggested solutions?

Gostin: Various drafts of the Pandemic Accord are extensive, but the final version might have significant omissions. Throughout the drafts, “options” range from robust action to inaction. For instance, one draft offered two choices: establish strong obligations for the One Health approach or take no action. This dichotomy leaves little room for compromise.

The Accord’s direction depends on whether governments advocate for strong or weak norms. Those favoring weak norms may do so to safeguard their sovereignty, dilute obligations, emphasize sovereignty as a principle, distrust the WHO, or resist international obligations. Populist nationalist governments often oppose UN treaties.

If governments opt for weak norms, critical areas like equity and One health will suffer from significant gaps. Equally important are deficiencies in what I call “good governance,” with inadequate mechanisms for ensuring transparency, compliance, enforcement, or accountability of state obligations.

HP-Watch: What are your thoughts on the treaty’s negotiation mechanisms for promoting timely information sharing in the context of national interest conflicts?

Gostin: During the COVID-19 pandemic, and even well before, the world suffered from two failures of cooperation. First, nations failed to promptly report novel and dangerous outbreaks or share pathogen and genomic sequence data. The second is that countries failed to equitably share those lifesaving resources once vaccines and therapeutics were developed.

As a result, there is currently considerable distrust in the negotiations. The tensions often exist between higher and lower-income countries. The only real tool WHO currently has to encourage countries to prioritize global solidarity over their own national interests in the negotiations is diplomacy; reminding countries of the immense toll of the pandemic, both in terms of lives lost and economically, and that preventing history from repeating itself can only be achieved through strong norms and global cooperation.

The World Health Organization defines One Health as “an approach to designing and implementing programmes, policies, legislation and research in which multiple sectors communicate and work together to achieve better public health outcomes”.

HP-Watch: Could you comment on mechanisms the United States, Africa, and the European Union suggested?

Gostin: African nations advocate waiving intellectual property rights for easier vaccine and drug development during health crises. Lower-income countries endorse “technology transfer” to enable local manufacturing. The WHO backs mRNA manufacturing hubs in countries like South Africa.

The focus should shift from charitable donations to empowering nations for self-reliance, necessitating global cooperation. Meanwhile, the US and the EU emphasize timely, transparent reporting and access to pathogen data, with the EU favoring One Health provisions.

HP-Watch: Why prioritize incentives over sanctions, especially when some experts argue for stronger enforcement measures?

Gostin: The WHO has long been adverse to compulsory measures, including sanctions. Member states often can accept the idea of incentives but are resistant to enforcement measures. In my judgment, we need both carrots and sticks.

Carrots could include financing for health systems in lower-income countries. Sticks might include public disclosure of countries that fail to abide by their international obligations. There could also be some form of adjudication system, such as occurs with the World Trade Organization. Compliance-enhancing measures are vital. These can include incentives but they also need to include other more formal means of encouraging compliance with norms.

One idea that has been floated is that parties would establish a universal health and preparedness review or some other peer review mechanism, enhancing compliance with countries’ preparedness obligations under the Accord.

HP-Watch: How confident are you in incentivizing compliance, given the IHR enforcement issues during the COVID-19 pandemic?

Gostin: I am not at all confident. History with the IHR teaches us that without effective compliance mechanisms, countries often won’t abide by their international obligations. Good governance requires better forms of accountability, such as an independent oversight mechanism empowered to investigate outbreaks or treaty violations and enforce commitments, fair resource allocation, and regular reporting on progress, with some scope for civil society participation.

The International Health Regulations Working Group concluded its fourth meeting on revisions to IHR in Geneva in July.

HP-Watch: How will negotiators balance accountability and sovereignty when implementing compliance measures?

Gostin: Right now negotiators are at a loss. One very interesting compromise might be found in proposals by the US and by the African bloc on compliance and implementation. There are good faith negotiations on those proposals in the IHR reform processes, which include a compliance committee comprised of key member states.

This committee would be tasked with finding means to better ensure state compliance. We need that kind of buy-in for compliance in the Pandemic Accord, which currently includes draft language establishing an Implementation and Compliance Committee comprised of expert members elected by the Accord’s Governing Body.

HP-Watch: Will equity discussions lead to concrete actions for fair access during health crises?

Gostin: This is perhaps the most important topic in the negotiations. Right now we don’t have agreement on reliable and sustainable funding, technical support, technology transfer, and equitable allocation of life-saving resources. There are several innovative methods to seek greater equity. One promising model is the Pandemic Influenza Preparedness (PIP) Framework.

Under the PIP Framework, pharmaceutical companies, laboratories, and academic centers pledge to give doses of vaccines or drugs, or to provide funding to WHO. In return, these actors gain access to pathogen samples.

The WHO then distributes the benefits to countries on an equitable basis. I also mentioned the idea of diversified manufacturing or technology transfer. Ultimately, it is important for low- and middle-income countries to gain the capacity to manufacture emergency products themselves and not rely on philanthropy.

HP-Watch: What are the potential consequences of the draft Accord’s narrow focus on health-centric solutions?

Gostin: The issue of One health is essential. Everyone knows that there are vast connections between human health, animal health and the environment. Yet, this requires intersectoral cooperation and governance.

The Pandemic Accord is a WHO instrument and we must find ways to link to the law and governance of animals and the environment. Relevant bodies include the World Organisation for Animal Health, the Food and Agriculture Organization, the UN Environment Programme and the World Trade Organization. This kind on intersectoral coordination is largely absent in the current draft.

On 24 February 2021, a plane carrying the first shipment of 600,000 COVID-19 vaccines distributed by the COVAX Facility landed at Kotoka International Airport in Accra.

HP-Watch: What’s the debate on equitable access to medical countermeasures, intellectual property, and trade language, and how will it influence the negotiations?

Gostin: There are huge gaps between high and low-income nations. High-income countries are reluctant to sign onto binding obligations to share lifesaving resources. But low-income countries demand that they have a right to fair and affordable access to vaccines and drugs.

The truth is we need both and we shouldn’t trade one important value for the other. It is clear that rapid reporting, sharing pathogen samples and genomic sequence data, and sharing scientific and epidemiologic information are vital for global health. It is equally clear that we cannot tolerate a system where all the benefits go to high-income countries and lower-income countries are left behind.

HP-Watch: How does the ongoing United Nations high-level meeting discussion relate to the concurrent negotiations for a pandemic accord and amendments to the IHR?

Gostin: The UN High Level Meeting (UNHLM) on Pandemic Prevention, Preparedness and Response this September is our best chance to gain support and deep engagement of heads of state and government. The UNHLM is expected to adopt a Political Declaration on Pandemic Prevention, Preparedness and Response. Thus far, many civil society organizations have expressed disappointment in the draft Political Declaration.

While the draft Political Declaration is high on lofty principles, it is wholly inadequate on concrete action, such as pledges for funding health systems. And while processes in Geneva and in New York must be synergistic, there has been too little cooperation between the UN and WHO. This is disappointing especially as WHO was the UN’s first specialized agency formed in 1948. 

HP-Watch: What’s behind the resistance to the UN High-Level Meeting, and how might it affect the Geneva discussions?

Gostin: There are longstanding but subtle tensions between Geneva and New York. In my view action by both the UN and WHO is needed. WHO is undoubtedly the health leader. But we also need high-level political support and an all of government approach to pandemic preparedness and response, as the causes and impacts of pandemics go well beyond the health sector. The WHO is a UN agency and we need more cooperation at every level. This shouldn’t be a competition, but sometimes it seems to be. 

The Declaration on Pandemic Preparedness and Response passed by the United Nations General Assembly in September offers “little hope” of strengthening global readiness for the next pandemic, according to global health experts.

HP-Watch: Why is the draft UN Political Declaration not ambitious, and how can it be strengthened, especially regarding the ‘Global Health Threats Council’?

Gostin: The Global Health Threats Council aims to elevate pandemic preparedness discussions to the highest political level. Whether it’s based in New York or Geneva matters less than securing active engagement from heads of state or government. Adequate, sustainable funding is another crucial aspect.

Pandemic preparedness involves various government ministries, and it should encompass an all-of-society approach, including public and private entities and robust civil society involvement.

HP-Watch: What role does the pharma industry play in shaping the treaty, and how do we differentiate responsible advocacy from profit-focused lobbying?

Gostin: Pharmaceutical companies are vital in vaccine development but must act cooperatively. They often prioritize profits, which can hinder global access. It’s crucial they don’t influence treaty negotiations. High-income countries have sometimes prioritized industry interests. Involving pharmaceutical companies in negotiations could risk such influence.

HP-Watch: How can WHO and the UN tackle misinformation while preserving citizen privacy and free speech on social media through collaboration with governments?

Gostin: Misinformation poses a serious health threat, especially in vaccine distribution. Balancing free speech with combating misinformation is challenging. An all-of-society approach is needed, involving medical societies, tech companies, and fact-checking organizations. WHO can lead partnerships between scientific experts and information disseminators to ensure credible information reaches the public.

HP-Watch: What’s your take on the pandemic treaty timeline, balancing speed and thoroughness, and a realistic estimate for an ideal agreement’s timing?

Gostin: Ideally, I would like to see WHO meet its deadline of presenting a draft treaty for adoption to the World Health Assembly in May 2024. I know that is pushing it, and member states are nowhere near to making enough progress. But the reason for speed is compelling. It is clear that the COVID-19 pandemic injected a sense of urgency.

As memories of the pandemic fade, political will declines. If we wait too long, we may lose this historic opportunity. Now is the time to forge [an] agreement. With every passing week and month, the world’s attention shifts to other priorities, such as climate change, the war in Ukraine, and food insecurity.

At the opening of the 73rd WHO Africa regional meeting in August, WHO Director-General Dr Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus warned that the slow pace of negotiations has put the pandemic accord at risk of missing the May 2024 deadline.

HP-Watch: How do we address the draft treaty’s health-centric focus criticized by some, considering the need for a broader approach to pandemic response during negotiations?

Gostin. In Geneva, most negotiators come from health backgrounds, lacking a comprehensive perspective. To improve this, we can draw inspiration from the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC) negotiations, where civil society played a crucial role.

While the WHO allows civil society input, it often remains formal. Unlike the FCTC negotiations, there’s a lack of robust advocacy in the Pandemic Accord negotiations, which is regrettable. The lessons from tobacco control and the AIDS pandemic highlight that real transformational reforms require strong bottom-up social mobilization. 

HP-Watch: What’s the current status of discussions on the Pandemic Fund, and how might it impact the treaty?

Gostin: I don’t know of a single global health advocate who is optimistic about progress on a Pandemic Fund. The World Bank has an initiative, but the Fund is still significantly below its funding goal, and we have seen the Bank sputter in the past on pandemic funding. And while the G7 and G20 have made promising noises, I don’t see any concrete plans for ample and sustainable funding taking shape.

That is a great missed opportunity because the only way to truly make the world more prepared is through funding, and especially funding of robust health systems. In the Pandemic Accord negotiations, there has been much discussion of funding. Still, there doesn’t seem to be agreement on a mechanism and long-term funding sources. Ultimately, rich countries will have to step up. But that hasn’t happened thus far despite the urgency.

HP-Watch: How do initiatives like medical countermeasures and mRNA tech-transfer hubs fit into treaty discussions, and what’s your perspective on their impact, given the crisis faced by initiatives like ProMED?

Gostin: In addition to all the other suggestions, we must remember that WHO is also working on a new multi-disease platform to coordinate equitable access to health information, tools, and countermeasures right from the onset of the next pandemic to replace fragmented initiatives and better ensure that all populations can be served. This new platform builds on lessons learned from the ACT-Accelerator.

This ambitious platform was developed to share COVID-19 tools and resources but fell short of its goals. The new platform is facing challenges related to how it will function and how it will be governed. But getting such a platform in place before the next major epidemic or pandemic arises, one that reaches and incorporates the voice of all populations will be critical for health equity.

WHO’s mRNA hub in South Africa began operating at full capacity in 2022.

HP-Watch:  What do you think about the Global Preparedness Monitoring Board‘s key asks for the UN HLM declaration on the treaty negotiations, like changing the language from ‘acknowledge’ to ‘commit’?

Gostin: As I have stated above, there is a delicate balance between incorporating actual mechanisms for accountability into the Accord against national interests in sovereignty. We all need to step back and remember that if we fail to meet the moment, it could be many decades before we have the chance for significant reforms in global health.

We need to be bold and an Accord that both high- and low-income countries will ratify. As I discussed above, there are ways to meet these interests through carrots and sticks. I want to reiterate that we genuinely have a historic opportunity to make the world safer, more secure, and fairer. If we don’t grasp this moment, we have no one to blame but ourselves.

HP-Watch: What do you think about the social media backlash WHO has been experiencing, regarding social media listening/surveillance, which seemed to be included in the treaty draft and poses privacy threats to citizens in countries where social media expressions are turned against them?

Gostin: I don’t accept this criticism because it is untrue. The Accord will not require disclosure of personally identifiable or sensitive health data. Privacy laws such as the EU Health Privacy Directive will remain in effect. The Accord would not interfere with a country’s protection of the health and privacy of its citizens. I should add that the public also has the right to accurate, evidence-based information.

Social media often disseminates false or misleading information that can harm the health of individuals and populations, mainly misinformation about vaccinations. Surveillance in the context of the Pandemic Accord means public health surveillance, that is, early detection of infectious diseases in humans and potentially also in animals and the environment. It does not mean intrusive surveillance of citizens or privacy violations; nowhere in the Accord is this even considered.

HP-Watch:  How did the misconception that WHO agreements, like a pandemic accord, would erode national sovereignty start, and what can be done to combat this misinformation going forward?

Gostin: In many nations and throughout social media, there is distrust of international institutions and a fundamental misunderstanding about international law built on state consent to be bound. Nationalism and populism have created a groundswell for “my nation first.” The problem is that the world would be less safe if all nations put themselves first. We need mutual solidarity and shared obligations. No one is safe unless everyone is safe. 

Lawrence Gostin, is the director of Georgetown University´s WHO Collaborating Center on National and Global Health Law.  He holds a JD from Duke University Law School and a BA in psychology from SUNY Brockport. Prior to taking on his current position at Georgetown in public health law/Washington DC, he also taught at Harvard and Johns Hopkins Universities. Gostin also led the development of the Model State Emergency Health Powers Act (a proposed law to give states more authority to handle bioterrorism or disease outbreaks, recommended by organizations like the CDC) and advises on various WHO expert committees. His expertise has been instrumental during global health crises, such as AIDS, Zika, and COVID-19, earning him accolades from organizations like the National Academy of Medicine.

Image Credits: WHO, WHO , UNICEF/Kokoroko, UN Photo/Manuel Elias, WHO .

Leading global health experts and activists have expressed frustration and disappointment at the draft political declarations on pandemics, universal health coverage (UHC) and tuberculosis that world leaders are expected to adopt at the United Nations General Assembly (UNGA) next week.

Key criticisms of the three declarations are that they offer no advancement on previous international agreements, are devoid of human rights safeguards and do not chart a clear path to improved access to healthcare and medicines, particularly in low-middle income countries and among vulnerable groups.

Next week there is an unprecedented focus on health at the UN. The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) Summit, which aims to  take stock of goals to end poverty by 2030, is on Monday and Tuesday. Wednesday brings a High-Level Meeting (HLM) on pandemic prevention, preparedness and response (PPPR) and a climate ambition summit. On Thursday, there is a HLM on universal health coverage (UHC) and Friday brings a HLM on TB. (See links to the lineup here).

The political declarations for the three HLMs have been negotiated over the past few months, with much focus on the rushed talks on the draft pandemic declaration, which is notable only for being lacklustre and aspirational – rather than engaging in firm commitments.

Pandemic declaration: A missed opportunity

Rajat Khosla, director of the International Institute on Global Health at the UN University

Rajat Khosla, director of the International Institute on Global Health at the UN University, described the draft pandemic declaration as a “big disappointment and missed opportunity.” 

The declaration “can be best described as half-hearted half-measures” with “some perfunctory references to rights,” Khosla told a webinar on Wednesday hosted by the O’Neill Institute’s Global Health Policy and Politics Initiative, Aidsfonds, and Love Alliance.

“The declaration does very little in terms of advancing the discussion on pandemic preparedness and response,” added Khosla.

Issues such as “addressing inequalities, vulnerable populations, accountability, international cooperation and funding” have “been all glossed over and with some very vague or weak language,” he added.

Instead of addressing some of the COVID-19 pandemic’s more distressing aspects – including criticisms of state ‘overreach’ in pandemic response, the collapse of international co-operation and lack of accountability of pharmaceutical companies – the declaration “spends more time re-emphasising national sovereignty as the key issue that needs to be safeguarded,” he added.

Language related to protecting vulnerable groups and addressing inequalities is “very weak”, offering “very little tangibility” or legal obligations in terms of transfer of technologies, or addressing countries stockpiling pharmaceutical products”.

Meanwhile, a detailed analysis of how the PPPR declaration squares up to key asks that have been made by over 100 community and civil society has been developed by the Coalition of Advocates for Global Health and Pandemic Preparedness. This shows that the declaration is particularly devoid of financial commitments to PPPR, the coalition concluded.

On a more upbeat note, however, Helen Clark is the eminent speaker due to address the pandemics HLM. As former co-chair of the Independent Panel for Pandemic Preparedness, she is unlikely to sugarcoat any pandemic shortcomings or shirk from what needs to be said about protecting the world against future pandemics, participants in the webinar predicted.

UHC: Virtually nothing new since 2019

Luis Gil Abinader, a Fellow at the O’Neill Institute’s Global Health Policy and Politics Initiative

The draft political declaration on UHC was similarly described as being a “missed opportunity” to expand on UHC commitments, as virtually all the measures in the 2023 declaration were also covered in the prior declaration adopted at the last UN HLM in 2019.

This is according to Luis Gil Abinader, a Fellow at the O’Neill Institute’s Global Health Policy and Politics Initiative.

Using digital health as an example, Abinader said that the 2019 declaration recognises the need to protect privacy in the digital environment, and a very similar recognition is made in the 2023 draft declaration – despite the possibilities of violations of human rights in the digital sphere becoming more evident in the past four years with the rise of artificial intelligence.

Erosion of gender and human rights

Lucica Ditiu, Executive Director of the Stop TB Partnership (STBP), confessed to being “a bit sour and grumpy and frustrated” by what she described as the erosion of long-established language on gender rights and human rights in all three declarations.

“My experience with the negotiations in the UN that I have attended this year was disastrous,” said Ditiu.

“I was in the room and I could hear with my own ears and see with my own eyes Member States literally saying ‘we don’t want to see any language around gender’; ‘can you remove everything that is about the rights of the key and vulnerable populations’. Bodily autonomy and integrity is like up there in the sky.”

“Even as weak, as watered down as these declarations are, as far as I understand, none of them is actually fully endorsed.” 

Lucica Ditiu, Executive Director of the Stop TB Partnership

Tuberculosis: Some wins

The TB draft declaration, does, however, contain some wins, Ditiu and others agreed. But there remains uncertainty around  consensus support around the final draft, which “will go directly to the UN HLM without having clarity if the consensus was reached” as the silence procedure that the agreed-on declaration had been placed under was broken twice “for political terminology”. 

Notably, the latest draft offers “specific, measurable and time-bound targets to find, diagnose, and treat people with TB with the latest WHO recommended tools (para. 48 a and b), as well as time-bound and specific targets for funding the TB response and R&D (para. 62 & 68),” in the words of a civil society analysis of the TB declaration,

Another big win for the TB community is stronger language around a commitment “to strengthen financial and social protections for people affected by TB and alleviate the health and non-health related financial burden of TB experienced by affected people and their families” (para. 81) and to ensure that by 2027 “100% of people with tuberculosis have access to a health and social benefits package so they do not have to endure financial hardship because of their illness” (para. 48 c).

Other positive notes include the explicit recognition that it is a human right to enjoy the benefits of scientific progress.

But some key targets have also been watered down. And as per the general erosion of language around gender and human rights in HLM texts, none of the key asks related to ensuring that all national TB responses are “equitable, inclusive, gender-sensitive, rights-based and people-centred” were secured.

Ditiu also expressed frustration around some of the vague language used such as the need to “intensify national efforts to address TB”.

“Trying to translate this into something measurable for governments to be able to held accountable will be a hell of a job because everybody understands whatever from this.

Meanwhile, a general reference to “equitable, inclusive, people-centered” TB response that “promotes gender equality and respects human rights” is part of a long run-on text in paragraph 77 that dilutes the impact of the terms, she said.

“Actually, paragraphs 77 and 78 looks like a soup in which everybody throws everything in from vegetables to potatoes to shoes.”

A pharmacy in Kenya: Inconsistent regulation across Africa impedes access to new medicines and formulations.

Strengthening Africa’s medicines regulatory framework is key to achieving the “bold goal” of having 60% of the continent’s vaccines produced locally by 2040, said Margareth Ndomondo-Sigonda, head of health at the African Union’s development agency, AUDA-NEPAD.

But only 7% of African country’s national medicines regulatory agencies (NMRA) have “moderately developed capacity”, and more than 90% of the agencies have “either minimal or no capacity at all”, Ndomondo-Sigonda told the opening of a conference on regulation strengthening hosted by the International Federation of Pharmaceutical Manufacturers and Associations (IFPMA on Tuesday.

However, she mentioned a number of hopeful signs: five NMRAs have attained World Health Organization (WHO)  Maturity Level Three, which “essentially is a sign of having a robust regulatory system.

In addition, stronger NMRAs such as in South Africa and Egypt have started to work together. 

Regional regulatory bodies have also been set up in west, east and southern Africa 

But real change will happen once a sizeable number of the continent’s 55 countries have signed and ratified the African Medicines Agency (AMA), which aims to harmonise the regulation of medicines on the continent. So far, while some 37 countries have formally supported the treaty, only 26 countries have actually ratified the treaty. While big swingers like Kenya have recently ratified, other leading countries like South Africa and Nigeria have not yet moved to approve the treaty. 

 

Catching up after COVID

“We are all aware of the fact that the continent was sidelined in the global rush for vaccines in 2021 and 2022 and currently we have fewer than half of the African population that has been fully vaccinated [against COVID-19],” said Ndomondo-Sigonda.

Stung by its exclusion, AU Heads of State and the Africa Centres for Disease Control and Prevention adopted a New Public Health Order in September 2022, with institutional strengthening and local medicine manufacturing making up two of its five pillars.

The Partnership for African Vaccine Manufacturing (PAVM), also established during the pandemic, is overseeing the local production of vaccines with the assistance of Nepad-AUDA’s African Medicines Regulatory Harmonisation Initiative.

Once the AMA is operational – it is in the process of being set up in Rwanda – it will take on the responsibility of ensuring coordinating regulatory systems strengthening, explained Ndomondo-Sigonda.

She expressed concern that countries such as Nigeria, Tanzania and South Africa have yet to ratify the AMA and depose their instrument of ratification –  formal notification that their governance structures have ratified the treaty.

“What is very, very important is for all the stakeholders to see that they have a responsibility to advocate for the ratification of AMA and I think it’s also very important to note the fact that as strong AMA will be based on strong NMRAs,” she added.

She also challenged the pharmaceutical sector, which “has access to politicians”, to advocate for all African countries to fully ratified the AMA.

Currently, 37 countries have taken some action to recognise the AMA – but only 21 of these have fully ratified it.

Image Credits: Luigi Guarino .

Thousands of people and hundreds of civil society organisations are expected to march in New York City this weekend to call on US President Joe Biden to use his executive powers to stop the expansion of fossil fuel projects in the country.

The march is one of over 400 marches, rallies and protests worldwide coordinated by the Global Fight to End Fossil Fuels ahead of the Climate Ambition Summit at United Nations (UN) headquarters in New York next week.

More than 600 civil society organisations and some 10,000 people from across the country are expected to attend the march in front of the UN in New York City, according to the organisers.

The Climate Ambition Summit, convened by UN Secretary-General Antonio Guterres, hopes to extract commitments from world leaders to shorten national timelines to phase out fossil fuels.

The summit follows the release of the UN global stocktake report on progress towards the 2015 Paris Agreement targets last week.

The technical report, which will be a key reference document at the UN climate summit in Dubai in November, found that the world is drastically off track in limiting global warming to the 1.5C degrees target set in Paris eight years ago.

The report warned that the rapid scale-up of renewable energy and phase-out of fossil fuels are “indispensable” to correcting course towards the Paris Agreement targets.

Profits bolster the resilience of fossil fuel extraction

World leaders who received invitations to the UN climate summit last month were told that only countries that have demonstrated significant commitment to climate action will be allowed to participate.

The invitation, which was sent by the UN Secretary-General, António Guterres, said that net-zero commitments not backed by action would not be sufficient to participate, according to reporting by the Guardian. Countries that did not meet the standards of climate policy ambition set by the UN can still observe the summit.

British Prime Minister Rishi Sunak reportedly will not attend the UN climate summit out of fear of being excluded from the meeting due to the expansion of his government’s oil drilling in the North Sea.

However, the US is the world’s largest fossil fuel producer, but Biden is expected to attend the summit. However, the Inflation Reduction Act passed by the Biden administration has made nearly $400 billion in incentives and funding available for green projects in the country, creating a windfall of green investment.

“The more oil, gas and coal we burn, the more toxic air we breathe; the more heatwaves, fires, and floods we face, all while wealthy fossil fuels CEOs rake in record profits,” march organizers said in a press release.

“President Biden has the power to stop them by putting an end to the expansion of fossil fuels – ensuring that we all have clean air and water, and better health and safety for our communities,” said the march organizers.

The Biden administration has been under fire from environmental groups for not taking action on seven oil and gas leases in Alaska’s Arctic National Wildlife Refuge issued in the waning days of the Trump administration. However, the US Interior Department this week cancelled the leases, saying they were legally flawed.

US oil giants Exxon Mobil and Chevron, meanwhile, have rebuffed calls to scale down fossil fuel production, electing to go in the opposite direction.

The Russian invasion of Ukraine caused a surge in profits for the world’s largest oil companies. Exxon Mobil announced in February that it made $56 billion in profits in 2022. The $6.3 million in profits made each hour is the most a Western oil company has ever earned in one year.

“July 2023 was the hottest month in recorded climate history. The unparalleled, deadly climate disasters sweeping the world seem to leave polluters unfazed,” said Tesneem Essop, Executive Director of the Climate Action Network. “Historical emitters like Norway, the UK and the USA are announcing new fossil fuel projects even as floods, fires and heatwaves take over our lives.”

The global movement against fossil fuels grows

The march at UN headquarters is part of a growing global movement to demand an end to fossil fuels. In recent months, there have been large-scale protests in countries around the world, including the United Kingdom, the Netherlands and Australia.

More than 2,400 climate protestors were arrested this week during a three-day blockade of a major highway outside of the Hague in the Netherlands.

The protest was organized by the Scientist’s Rebellion, a group led by academics urging an end to the estimated $37 billion in fossil fuel subsidies provided by the Dutch government each year.

In the United States, climate scientist Rose Abramoff and five other women were arrested this week for chaining themselves to a fracked gas pipeline in West Virginia. The arrest makes Abramoff the first climate scientist to face criminal civil disobedience charges for a climate protest in the United States.

“My greatest fear is the world we’re creating for future generations,” Abramoff told the climate newsletter HEATED. “That outweighs the fear I have of the personal consequences that I might suffer.”

Image Credits: The Lancet Countdown.

A mother and her newborn baby at a health centre in the Patna district of Bihar, India.

Ahead of next week’s United Nations Summit on the Social Development Goals, a new report asserts that a few simple measures could slash the deaths of mothers and babies

A series of relatively simple interventions could save the lives of millions of mothers and babies and put the world on course to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) related to child deaths and maternal mortality.

This is according to the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation’s (BMGF) Goalkeepers 2023 report, which was released on Tuesday.

The COVID-19 pandemic seriously disrupted the SDGs’ progress, including the goals of ending all preventable child deaths, cutting child deaths to 12 per 1000 live births, and cutting the maternal mortality rate to less than 70 deaths per 100,000 births by 2030. 

The United Nations has convened a special SDG summit in New York on Monday and Tuesday next week to review progress and accelerate the implementation of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development.

The draft political declaration for the summit concedes that the achievement of the 17 SDGs “is in peril”, declaring that progress is “either moving much too slowly or has regressed below the 2015 baseline”. 

Every year, five million children die before they turn five – three-quarters of these deaths in the child’s first year – while almost two million babies are stillborn. 

The SDG for cutting newborn deaths to 12 per 1000 births is far from being achieved.

“For new mothers, progress has hit a brick wall. Globally, maternal mortality rates have remained stubbornly static over the past eight years, and in some countries, from the United States to Venezuela, they have risen,” according to the Goalkeepers report.

This is not just a problem for low and middle-income countries. In the United Kingdom and the United States, the death rates for Black mothers have doubled since 1999.

“For nearly all of human history, we simply didn’t know enough about preventing or treating the common childbirth complications that lead to death, such as postpartum haemorrhage or infection,” according to Melinda French Gates, BMGF co-chair.

“Today, we know a great deal. Yet, as is so often the case in global health, new breakthroughs aren’t making their way to the people who need them most: women in low-income countries like Malawi, as well as Black and Indigenous women in high-income countries like the United States, who are dying at three times the rate of white women, even when holding for economic and education levels.”

According to the report, in the 2010s doctors “uncovered revolutionary information about maternal and child health—everything from the exact diseases that are killing children; to the role anaemia can play in increasing blood loss during childbirth; to previously unknown ways in which a baby’s health is linked to their mother’s”. 

By applying this information, the BMGF estimates that nearly 1,000 mothers and babies could be saved every day to the end of the decade – a total of two million lives. 

SDGs maternal mortality

Postpartum haemorrhaging

The first intervention involves addressing postpartum haemorrhage, the number-one cause of maternal death. 

The World Health Organization (WHO) defines postpartum haemorrhage as losing more than half a litre of blood within 24 hours of childbirth, something that kills 70,000 women annually, primarily in low-income countries, and leaves many others with disabling heart or kidney failure. 

Research conducted in four African countries by Dr Hadiza Galadanci, a Nigerian obstetrician, found that many healthcare workers struggled to recognise how much blood loss is too much – and over half the women who experienced it were never diagnosed.

“There is a simple, low-cost way to identify when blood loss is dangerously excessive: a drape that looks like a V-shaped plastic bag. When this calibrated obstetric drape is hung at the edge of the bed collected blood rises like mercury in a thermometer. And in a busy hospital ward, that visual gauge tells providers which patients are in danger in just a single glance,” according to French Gates.

Five treatments are conventionally used to stop the bleeding – uterine massage, oxytocic drugs, tranexamic acid, IV fluids, and genital tract examination. 

“But those interventions were being delivered sequentially—and far too slowly,” according to the report.

So Galadanci’s researchers asked healthcare providers to administer all five at once and this, combined with the use of the V-shaped blood bags, decreased severe bleeding by 60%. 

Anaemia affecting pregnancies

A common cause of haemorrhaging is anaemia, or severe iron deficiency, which affects 37% of pregnant women around the world – and in some places in South Asia, is as high as 80%. “Every pregnant woman should have access to maternal micronutrient supplements – high-quality prenatal vitamins that include iron—which can prevent most mild maternal anaemia cases,” according to the report.

Screening for anaemia during antenatal care is important – but some women dislike the unpleasant side effects of taking iron.

Nigerian obstetrician Dr Bosede Afolabi is working on a one-off, 15-minute intravenous infusion of iron to replenish women’s iron reserves during pregnancy.

Preventing infections, boosting nutrients

Another leading cause of maternal death and disability is an infection that leads to sepsis, something that can easily be treated by a common antibiotic, azithromycin.

When given during labour, azithromycin reduces maternal infections, and during a trial across sub-Saharan Africa, it reduced sepsis cases by a third, according to the report.

“It could also be a game-changer in the US, where 23% of maternal deaths are from sepsis,” according to French Gates. “The United States has some of the most abysmal—and most inequitable—maternal mortality rates among high-income countries.”

“American women are more than three times more likely to die from childbirth than women in almost every other wealthy country,” she added, and the “biggest crisis is among Black and Indigenous women”. 

Recalling tennis star Serena Williams’s account of how close she came to dying after giving birth and the death in April of Olympic track and field star Tori Bowie from treatable childbirth complications in her home, French Gates said that “azithromycin has the potential to address the cause of nearly a quarter of American maternal deaths”.

The report also advocates for giving Bifidobacteria (B. Infantis), a new probiotic supplement to infants at risk of malnutrition alongside breastmilk and multiple micronutrient supplements for breastfeeding mothers to replenish their nutrient stores in pregnant women and ensuring those vital nutrients are transferred to the baby 

In addition, the report proposes giving antenatal corticosteroids (ACS)  to women who will give birth prematurely to accelerate foetal lung growth, and AI-enabled portable ultrasounds to enable nurses to monitor high-risk pregnancies in low-resource settings.

“Of course, these interventions aren’t silver bullets on their own—they require countries to keep recruiting, training, and fairly compensating health care workers, especially midwives, and building more resilient health care systems. But together, they can save the lives of thousands of women every year,” asserted French Gates.

Innovations to prevent maternal mortality.

Causes of babies’ death

Meanwhile, BMGF co-chair Bill Gates spoke of the importance of data about the causes of babies’ deaths, recalling how the BMGF supported the Child Health and Mortality Prevention Surveillance (CHAMPS) initiative since 2015. 

“Even 10 years ago, public health officials had only the vaguest information about why babies were dying,” said Gates.”Back then, any record of a child’s death would generally list one of the four most common causes: diarrhoea, malnutrition, pneumonia, or premature birth. But each was a vast ocean of different illnesses, each with scores of different causes and cures. Pneumonia, for example, is linked to more than 200 types of pathogens.”

The Foundation funded three studies to fill in the gaps – CHAMPs to uncover the most inscrutable causes of death, PERCH, which examined the causes of childhood pneumonia, and GEMS which looked at diarrhoeal diseases. 

Innovations to save babies

“As doctors compiled and compared case after case, a clearer, and often surprising, picture of child death emerged. For instance, some pathogens were less likely than was expected, like pertussis which causes whooping cough, but others were more likely than we expected, like Klebsiella which can be harder to treat,” said Gates.

“Over the past eight years, the field of child health has moved faster and farther than I thought I’d see in my lifetime. And if our delivery can keep pace with our learning – if researchers can keep developing new innovations and health workers can get them to every mother and child that needs them – then doctors could all but guarantee a baby would survive their crucial first days,” he added.

However, the report asserts that lives will only be saved “if all mothers and babies have access to both quality healthcare services and [these] innovations”.

“We need policy changes, political will, more investment into women’s health, and health care workers – including midwives.”

Image Credits: BMGF.

Hong Kong experienced its worst flooding since 1884 last week (8 September 2023)

Much more action, ambition and trillions of dollars are needed to limit global heating to 1.5ºC above pre-industrial levels as agreed by the Paris Agreement, according to a global stocktake report released on Friday by the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC).

While the 46-page report with 17 key findings is delivered in technical language, its key message is unambiguous and chilling: There is “a rapidly narrowing window” to confine global warming to 1.5 °C. 

The stocktake was released during a week that saw unprecedented floods in places as diverse as Hong Kong, Brazil, Spain, Venezuela, Pakistan, Greece and Nigeria.

It calls for “much more ambition in action and support” and “more ambitious targets” by countries – called nationally determined contributions (NDC).

The challenge is dauntingly huge: global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions need to be cut by 43% by 2030 and further by 60% by 2035 (compared with 2019 levels) and reach net zero CO2 emissions by 2050.

The key to achieving this is phasing out all unabated fossil fuels – which in turn rests on massively scaling up renewable energy. Doing so needs “systems transformations” in industry, transport, buildings and other sectors.

Reversing deforestation by 2030 and restoring natural ecosystems will “result in large-scale CO2 absorption and co-benefits” – but achieving this rests on intensifying sustainable agriculture without further land expansion.

‘Redeploy trillions of dollars’

Some of the paths to achieving this include economic diversification and “strategically deploying international public finance” to support climate action in developing countries.

“It is essential to unlock and redeploy trillions of dollars to meet global investment needs, including by rapidly shifting finance flows globally to support a pathway towards low GHG emissions and climate-resilient development,” asserts the stocktake.

“More than 137 non-Party stakeholders submitted input on their actions and support for the Paris Agreement goals, in total over 170,000 pages of written submissions were received, and we had over 252 hours of meetings and discussions over the three meetings of the technical dialogue – in plenaries, roundtables and world café formats,” said co-facilitator Harald Winkler, a professor from the University of Cape Town in South Africa.

“Much more is needed now, on all fronts and by all actors to meet the long-term goals of the Paris Agreement.”

The stocktake will be discussed at the 28th UN climate negotiations, the Conference of the Parties (COP28), hosted in the United Arab Emirates from 30 November.

Simon Stiell, Executive Secretary of UN Climate Change, urged all governments to “carefully study the findings of the report and ultimately understand what it means for them and the ambitious action they must take next”. 

“While the catalytic role of the Paris Agreement and the multilateral process will remain vital in the coming years, the global stocktake is a critical moment for greater ambition and accelerating action,” Stiell added.